The DOI matches its Crossref record; 84 of the 84 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Time as an ecological constraint
Abstract
Conventional approaches to population biology emphasise the roles of climatic conditions, nutrient flow and predation as constraints on population dynamics. We argue here that this focus has obscured the role of time as a crucial constraint on species’ abilities to survive in some habitats. Time constraints may be particularly intrusive both for species that live in intensely bonded groups (where the need to devote time to social interaction may ultimately limit the size of group that a species can maintain in a particular habitat) and for taxa that face constraints on the length of the active day. We use a linear programming approach that allows us to specify both how time allocations to different activities are influenced by local environmental and climatic variables and how these in turn limit group size and population density. The linear programming approach identifies the realizable niche space within which a species can maintain coherent groups that are larger than the minimum viable group size (or density). This approach thus allow us to understand better why a given taxon can survive in some habitats but not others, as well as the demographic stress that a population may face. In addition, they also allow us to evaluate the implications of both past and future climate change for a taxon’s ability to cope with particular habitats.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
A globally coherent fingerprint of climate change impacts across natural systems
Parmesan, C., & Yohe, G. (2003) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature01286 · Cited by 11,265
Nutritional ecology of the ruminant
(1995) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.32-4505 · Cited by 7,757
Extinction risk from climate change
Thomas, C. D., Cameron, A., Green, R. E., Bakkenes, M., Beaumont, L. J., Collingham, Y. C., Erasmus, B. F. N., de Siqueira, M. F., Grainger, A., Hannah, L., et al. (2004) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature02121 · Cited by 7,695
The Ecological Implications of Body Size
Peters, R. H. (1983) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511608551 · Cited by 5,649
Fingerprints of global warming on wild animals and plants
Root, T. L., Price, J. T., Hall, K. R., Schneider, S. H., Rosenzweig, C., & Pounds, J. A. (2003) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature01333 · Cited by 4,774
Pearson, R. G., & Dawson, T. P. (2003) · Global Ecology and Biogeography · doi:10.1046/j.1466-822x.2003.00042.x · Cited by 4,252
Schoener, T. W. (1971) · Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics · doi:10.1146/annurev.es.02.110171.002101 · Cited by 3,572
Red Deer. Behavior and Ecology of Two Sexes
Watson, A., Clutton-Brock, T. H., Guinness, F. E., & Albon, S. D. (1983) · The Journal of Animal Ecology · doi:10.2307/4471 · Cited by 2,460
Poleward shifts in geographical ranges of butterfly species associated with regional warming
Parmesan, C., Ryrholm, N., Stefanescu, C., Hill, J. K., Thomas, C. D., Descimon, H., Huntley, B., Kaila, L., Kullberg, J., Tammaru, T., et al. (1999) · Nature · doi:10.1038/21181 · Cited by 2,274
An Ecological Model of Female-Bonded Primate Groups
Wrangham, R. W. (1980) · Behaviour · doi:10.1163/156853980x00447 · Cited by 1,977
Cited by
Quantifying levels of animal activity using camera trap data
Rowcliffe, J. M., Kays, R., Kranstauber, B., Carbone, C., & Jansen, P. A. (2014) · Methods in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1111/2041-210x.12278 · Cited by 580
Relationships and the social brain: Integrating psychological and evolutionary perspectives
Sutcliffe, A., Dunbar, R., Binder, J., & Arrow, H. (2012) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8295.2011.02061.x · Cited by 415
Self-citationSilent disco: dancing in synchrony leads to elevated pain thresholds and social closeness
Tarr, B., Launay, J., & Dunbar, R. I. M. (2016) · Evolution and Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2016.02.004 · Cited by 341
Self-citationBiogeography of time partitioning in mammals
Bennie, J. J., Duffy, J. P., Inger, R., & Gaston, K. J. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1216063110 · Cited by 332
Pollet, T. V., Roberts, S. G. B., & Dunbar, R. I. M. (2011) · Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2010.0161 · Cited by 237
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Dunbar, R. I. M., Korstjens, A. H., Lehmann, J., & British Academy Centenary Research Project
- Venue
- Biological Reviews
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2009-07-23
- Volume
- 84
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 413-429
- ISSN
- 0006-3231 (ISSN-L)
- 1464-7931
- 1469-185X
- OpenAlex
- W2072406222
- Cited by
- 273
- References
- 84
- FWCI
- 1.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Time as an ecological constraint. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1111/j.1469-185x.2009.00080.x
- The paper
- Dunbar, R. I. M., Korstjens, A. H., Lehmann, J., & British Academy Centenary Research Project. (2009). Time as an ecological constraint. Biological Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185x.2009.00080.x
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.