The DOI matches its Crossref record; 61 of the 61 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Looking at pictures: Affective, facial, visceral, and behavioral reactions
Abstract
Colored photographic pictures that varied widely across the affective dimensions of valence (pleasant-unpleasant) and arousal (excited-calm) were each viewed for a 6-s period while facial electromyographic (zygomatic and corrugator muscle activity) and visceral (heart rate and skin conductance) reactions were measured. Judgments relating to pleasure, arousal, interest, and emotional state were measured, as was choice viewing time. Significant covariation was obtained between (a) facial expression and affective valence judgments and (b) skin conductance magnitude and arousal ratings. Interest ratings and viewing time were also associated with arousal. Although differences due to the subject's gender and cognitive style were obtained, affective responses were largely independent of the personality factors investigated. Response specificity, particularly facial expressiveness, supported the view that specific affects have unique patterns of reactivity. The consistency of the dimensional relationships between evaluative judgments (i.e., pleasure and arousal) and physiological response, however, emphasizes that emotion is fundamentally organized by these motivational parameters.
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In the citing paper
“Lang et al. (1993) found skin conductance to be more strongly related to reports of arousal for men than women.”
From Sex differences in emotion: Expression, experience, and physiology. (1998) · cites this paper as Lang et al., 1993
In the citing paper
“facial expression corresponded more to self-reports of valence for women than men.”
From Sex differences in emotion: Expression, experience, and physiology. (1998) · cites this paper as Lang et al., 1993
In the citing paper
“As such, SCR can serve as a measure of sympathetic arousal [31].”
From Self-Reported Trait Mindfulness and Affective Reactivity: A Motivational Approach Using Multiple Psychophysiological Measures (2015) · cites this paper as [31]
In the citing paper
“Interestingly, Lang, Greenwald, Bradley, and Hamm (1993) found that interest ratings and duration of time an observer chooses to view a visual display both load on the same factor as does the magni tude of the skin conductance response.”
From A meta-analytic review of the effects of high stress on eyewitness memory (2004) · cites this paper as Lang, Greenwald, Bradley, and Hamm, 1993
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Measuring emotion: The self-assessment manikin and the semantic differential
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Metadata
- Authors
- LANG, P. J., GREENWALD, M. K., BRADLEY, M. M., & HAMM, A. O.
- Affiliations
- University of Florida (US)
- Corresponding author
- LANG, PETER J.
- Venue
- Psychophysiology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1993-05
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 261-273
- ISSN
- 0048-5772 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8986
- OpenAlex
- W2080898270
- Cited by
- 3,190
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 51 · 2025: 90 · 2024: 96 · 2023: 99 · 2022: 128 · 2021: 143 · 2020: 130 · 2019: 164 · 2018: 151 · 2017: 152 · 2016: 155 · 2015: 185 · 2014: 172 · 2013: 154 · 2012: 146
- FWCI
- 11.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychophysiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01mh041950-03, 5r01mh043975-12)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH41950, MH 43975, MH37757)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Aesthetic Perception and Analysis
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Emotion and Mood Recognition
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Keywords
- valence, arousal, facial electromyography, zygomaticus major, corrugator supercilii, heart rate, skin conductance, viewing time, gender differences, cognitive style, response specificity
- MeSH terms
- Analysis of Variance, Arousal, Behavior, Electromyography, Emotions, Facial Expression, Facial Muscles, Female, Galvanic Skin Response, Heart Rate, Humans, Male, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Personality, Sex Characteristics, Time Factors, Reproducibility of Results
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