Quantitative targeted absolute proteomics of human blood-brain barrier transporters and receptors
Abstract
We have obtained, for the first time, a quantitative protein expression profile of membrane transporters and receptors in human brain microvessels, that is, the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Brain microvessels were isolated from brain cortexes of seven males (16-77 years old) and protein expression of 114 membrane proteins was determined by means of a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric quantification method using recently established in-silico peptide selection criteria. Among drug transporters, breast cancer resistance protein showed the most abundant protein expression (8.14 fmol/μg protein), and its expression level was 1.85-fold greater in humans than in mice. By contrast, the expression level of P-glycoprotein in humans (6.06 fmol/μg protein) was 2.33-fold smaller than that of mdr1a in mice. The organic anion transporters reported in rodent BBB, that is, multidrug resistance-associated protein, organic anion transporter and organic anion-transporting polypeptide family members, were under limit of quantification in humans, except multidrug resistance-associated protein 4 (0.195 fmol/μg protein). Among detected transporters and receptors for endogenous substances, the glucose transporter 1 level was similar to that of mouse, while the L-type amino acid transporter 1 level was fivefold smaller than that of mouse. These findings should be useful for understanding human BBB function and its differences from that in mouse.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Comparison of 114 endothelial proteins between mice and humans revealed striking differences in expression; ABCG2 exhibited greater expression in humans, whereas LAT1, MCT1, TfR, ABCB1, and MRP4 exhibited greater expression in mice.
“Interestingly, comparison of 114 endothelial proteins between mice and humans revealed some striking differences in expression; for example, the active efflux ABCG2 transporter exhibited greater expression in humans, whereas LAT1 and MCT1 CMTs, TfR RMT, and ABCB1 and MRP4 active efflux transporters exhibited greater expression in mice (602).”
From Blood-Brain Barrier: From Physiology to Disease and Back (2019) · cites this paper as [602]
Oatp1c1 is highly expressed in endothelial cells of the rodent BBB, but not the human BBB.
“Oatp1c1 is highly expressed in endothelial cells of the rodent BBB (Roberts et al., 2008), but not the human BBB (Uchida et al., 2011)”
From Modeling Psychomotor Retardation using iPSCs from MCT8-Deficient Patients Indicates a Prominent Role for the Blood-Brain Barrier (2017) · cites this paper as Uchida et al., 2011
TfR is expressed at high levels at the blood-brain barrier due to its physiological function to deliver iron to the brain.
“As the TfR is expressed at high levels at the blood–brain barrier [106,107] due to its physiological function to deliver iron to the brain, it is one of the most studied molecules for receptor-mediated drug delivery to the brain.”
From Iron as a central player and promising target in cancer progression (2019) · cites this paper as [107]
Cites
Wen, P. Y., & Kesari, S. (2008) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra0708126 · Cited by 4,200 · see citing works
Brain Serotonin Content: Physiological Regulation by Plasma Neutral Amino Acids
Fernstrom, J. D., & Wurtman, R. J. (1972) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.178.4059.414 · Cited by 1,166 · see citing works
Brain metabolism: a perspective from the blood-brain barrier
Pardridge, W. M. (1983) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.1983.63.4.1481 · Cited by 743 · see citing works
β-Secretase Protein and Activity Are Increased in the Neocortex in Alzheimer Disease
Fukumoto, H. (2002) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.59.9.1381 · Cited by 694 · see citing works
TRANSPORT OF METABOLIC SUBSTRATES THROUGH THE BLOOD‐BRAIN BARRIER1
Pardridge, W. M., & Oldendorf, W. H. (1977) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.1977.tb07702.x · Cited by 535 · see citing works
Kusuhara, H., Sekine, T., Utsunomiya‐Tate, N., Tsuda, M., Kojima, R., Ho, S., Sugiyama, Y., Kanai, Y., & Endou, H. (1999) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.274.19.13675 · Cited by 488 · see citing works
Kamiie, J., Ohtsuki, S., Iwase, R., Ohmine, K., Katsukura, Y., 矢内一成, Yumi, S., Uchida, Y., Ito, S., & Terasaki, T. (2008) · Pharmaceutical Research · doi:10.1007/s11095-008-9532-4 · Cited by 480 · see citing works
Self-citationOhtsuki, S., & Terasaki, T. (2007) · Pharmaceutical Research · doi:10.1007/s11095-007-9374-5 · Cited by 456 · see citing works
Self-citationChanges in the Brain Catecholamines in Patients with Dementia of Alzheimer Type
Adolfsson, R., Gottfries, C. G., Roos, B. E., & Winblad, B. G. (1979) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.135.3.216 · Cited by 449 · see citing works
Gao, B., Hagenbuch, B., Kullak-Ublick, G. A., Benke, D., Aguzzi, A., & Meier, P. J. (2000) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3565(24)39041-x · Cited by 413 · see citing works
Nies, A. T., Jedlitschky, G., König, J., Herold‐Mende, C. C., Steiner, H. H., Schmitt, H.-P., & KEPPLER, D. O. R. (2004) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.07.051 · Cited by 381 · see citing works
Syvänen, S., Lindhe, Ö., Palner, M., Kornum, B. R., Rahman, O., Långström, B., Knudsen, G. M., & Hammarlund‐Udenaes, M. (2008) · Drug Metabolism and Disposition · doi:10.1124/dmd.108.024745 · Cited by 361 · see citing works
Breedveld, P., Pluim, D., Cipriani, G., Wielinga, P. R., van Tellingen, O., Schinkel, A. H., & Schellens, J. H. M. (2005) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-2416 · Cited by 352 · see citing works
Dauchy, S., Dutheil, F., Weaver, R. J., Chassoux, F., Daumas‐Duport, C., Couraud, P., Scherrmann, J., de Waziers, I., & Declèves, X. (2008) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05720.x · Cited by 331 · see citing works
Pharmacokinetic role of L-type amino acid transporters LAT1 and LAT2
del Amo, E. M., Urtti, A. O., & Yliperttula, M. L. (2008) · European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ejps.2008.06.015 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
Bronger, H., König, J., Kopplow, K., Steiner, H. H., Ahmadi, R., Herold‐Mende, C. C., KEPPLER, D. O. R., & Nies, A. T. (2005) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-1271 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
Pellerin, L., Pellegri, G., Martin, J., & Magistretti, P. J. (1998) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.95.7.3990 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
Sasongko, L., Link, J., Muzi, M., Mankoff, D. A., Yang, X. N., Collier, A. C., Shoner, S., & Unadkat, J. D. (2005) · Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.clpt.2005.01.022 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Philp, N. J., Ochrietor, J. D., Rudoy, C., Muramatsu, T., & Linser, P. J. (2003) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.02-0552 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Diet-induced ketosis increases monocarboxylate transporter (MCT1) levels in rat brain
Leino, R. L., Gerhart, D. Z., Duelli, R., Enerson, B. E., & Drewes, L. R. (2001) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/s0197-0186(00)00102-9 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Ito, K., Uchida, Y., Ohtsuki, S., Aizawa, S., Kawakami, H., Katsukura, Y., Kamiie, J., & Terasaki, T. (2011) · Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1002/jps.22487 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Self-citationFridén, M., Winiwarter, S., Jerndal, G., Bengtsson, O., Wan, H., Bredberg, U., Hammarlund‐Udenaes, M., & Antonsson, M. (2009) · Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jm901036q · Cited by 231 · see citing works
In vitro-in vivo Extrapolation of Transporter-mediated Clearance in the Liver and Kidney
Kusuhara, H., & Sugiyama, Y. (2009) · Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics · doi:10.2133/dmpk.24.37 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Dauchy, S., Miller, F., Couraud, P., Weaver, R. J., Weksler, B. B., Romero, I. A., Scherrmann, J., de Waziers, I., & Declèves, X. (2008) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2008.11.001 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Blood−brain barrier transporters and response to CNS-active drugs
Urquhart, B. L., & Kim, R. B. (2009) · European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00228-009-0714-8 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Leino, R. L., Gerhart, D. Z., & Drewes, L. R. (1999) · Developmental Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0165-3806(98)00188-6 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Mori, S., Takanaga, H., Ohtsuki, S., Deguchi, T., Kang, Y., Hosoya, K., & Terasaki, T. (2003) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1097/01.wcb.0000050062.57184.75 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Self-citationKawakami, H., Ohtsuki, S., Kamiie, J., Suzuki, T., Abe, T., & Terasaki, T. (2010) · Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1002/jps.22255 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Self-citationAssessment of Neuropsychiatric Adverse Events in Influenza Patients Treated with Oseltamivir
Toovey, S., Rayner, C. R., Prinssen, E. P. M., Chu, T., Donner, B., Thakrar, B. T., Dutkowski, R. T., Hoffmann, G., Breidenbach, A., Lindemann, L., et al. (2008) · Drug Safety · doi:10.2165/0002018-200831120-00006 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Bérézowski, V., Landry, C., Dehouck, M., Cecchelli, R., & Fénart, L. (2004) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2004.05.092 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Reduced brain 5-HT and elevated NE turnover and metabolites in bipolar affective disorder
Young, L. T., Warsh, J. J., Kish, S. J., Shannak, K. S., & HORNYKEIWICZ, O. (1994) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0006-3223(94)91201-7 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Enokizono, J., Kusuhara, H., Ose, A., et al. (2008) · Drug Metabolism and Disposition · doi:10.1124/dmd.107.019257 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Cornford, E. M., & Hyman, S. (2004) · NeuroRx · doi:10.1602/neurorx.2.1.27 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Ose, A., Ito, M., Kusuhara, H., Yamatsugu, K., Kanai, M., Shibasaki, M., Hosokawa, M., Schuetz, J. D., & Sugiyama, Y. (2008) · Drug Metabolism and Disposition · doi:10.1124/dmd.108.024018 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Lescale-Matys, L., Dyer, J., Scott, D., Freeman, T. C., Wright, E. M., & Shirazi‐Beechey, S. P. (1993) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj2910435 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
SHARMA, D. F. (1966) · British Journal of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.1966.tb01881.x · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Choi, T. B., & Pardridge, W. M. (1986) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(19)84595-7 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
1 H NMR Studies of Glucose Transport in the Human Brain
Rolf Gruetter, A., Novotny, E. J., Boulware, S. D., Rothman, D. L., & Shulman, R. G. (1996) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1097/00004647-199605000-00009 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Carl, S. M., Lindley, D. J., Couraud, P. O., Weksler, B. B., Romero, I. A., Mowery, S. A., & Knipp, G. T. (2010) · Molecular Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1021/mp900178j · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Li, N., Zhang, Y., Hua, F., & Lai, Y. (2008) · Drug Metabolism and Disposition · doi:10.1124/dmd.108.023234 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Hawkins, R. A., Huang, S., Barrio, J. R., Keen, R. E., Feng, D. D., Mazziotta, J. C., & Phelps, M. E. (1989) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1038/jcbfm.1989.68 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Neuroexcitatory actions of Tamiflu and its carboxylate metabolite
Izumi, Y., Tokuda, K., O’Dell, K. A., Zorumski, C. F., & Narahashi, T. (2007) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2007.08.054 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
A cDNA microarray analysis of gene expression profiles in rat hippocampus following a ketogenic diet
Noh, H. S., Lee, H. P., Kim, D. W., Kang, S. S., Cho, G. J., Rho, J. M., & Choi, W. S. (2004) · Molecular Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.molbrainres.2004.06.020 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
RLIP76, a non-ABC transporter, and drug resistance in epilepsy
Awasthi, S., Hallene, K. L., Fazio, V., et al. (2005) · BMC Neuroscience · doi:10.1186/1471-2202-6-61 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Mass spectrometry‐based absolute quantification of microsomal cytochrome P450 2D6 in human liver
Langenfeld, E., Zanger, U., Jung, K., Meyer, H., & Marcus, K. (2009) · Proteomics · doi:10.1002/pmic.200800680 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Functional analysis of ABCA8, a new drug transporter
Tsuruoka, S., Ishibashi, K., Yamamoto, H., Wakaumi, M., Suzuki, M., Schwartz, G. J., Imai, M., & Fujimura, A. (2002) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/s0006-291x(02)02389-6 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Uchida, Y., Kamiie, J., Ohtsuki, S., et al. (2007) · Pharmaceutical Research · doi:10.1007/s11095-007-9453-7 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Self-citationKis, B., Isse, T., Snipes, J. A., Chen, L., Yamashita, H., Ueta, Y., & Busija, D. W. (2005) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01259.2005 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Molina‐Arcas, M., Marcé, S., Villamor, N., Huber‐Ruano, I., Casado, F. J., Bellosillo, B., Montserrat, E., Gil, J., Colomer, D., & Pastor‐Anglada, M. (2004) · Leukemia · doi:10.1038/sj.leu.2403582 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Nutrient Regulation of the Intestinal Na+/Glucose Co-Transporter (SGLT1) Gene Expression
Dyer, J., Barker, P. J., & Shirazi‐Beechey, S. P. (1997) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1006/bbrc.1996.6018 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Irifune, M., Fukuda, T., Nomoto, M., Sato, T., Kamata, Y., Nishikawa, T., MIETANI, W., Yokoyama, K., Sugiyama, K., & Kawahara, M. (1997) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(97)00510-6 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
The Transport of Metabolizable Substances into the Living Brain
PRATT, O. E. (1976) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-3264-0_5 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Koeppe, R. A., Mangner, T. J., Betz, A. L., et al. (1990) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1038/jcbfm.1990.126 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Ohtsuki, S., Yamaguchi, H., Asashima, T., & Terasaki, T. (2007) · Pharmaceutical Research · doi:10.1007/s11095-006-9188-x · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citationThe transport of tyrosine into the human brain as determined with L-[1-11C]tyrosine and PET.
Wiesel, F., Blomqvist, G., Halldin, C., et al. (1991) · PubMed · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Amino Acid Transport in the Brain in vivo and in vitro
Lajtha, Á. (1974) · Novartis Foundation symposium · doi:10.1002/9780470720059.ch3 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Isolation of intact capillaries and capillary plasma membranes from frozen human brain
Pardridge, W. M., Yang, J., Eisenberg, J., et al. (1987) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.490180213 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Nakamichi, H., Murakami, M., Miura, S., et al. (1993) · Nuclear Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1016/0969-8051(93)90141-g · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Blood-Brain Barrier: From Physiology to Disease and Back
Sweeney, M. D., Zhao, Z., Montagne, A., Nelson, A. R., & Zlokovic, B. V. (2019) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00050.2017 · Cited by 2,294 · see citing works
Drug Transport across the Blood–Brain Barrier
Pardridge, W. M. (2012) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1038/jcbfm.2012.126 · Cited by 1,994 · see citing works
Luissint, A.-C., Artus, C., Glacial, F., Ganeshamoorthy, K., & Couraud, P.-O. (2012) · Fluids and Barriers of the CNS · doi:10.1186/2045-8118-9-23 · Cited by 654 · see citing works
Nanomaterial-based blood-brain-barrier (BBB) crossing strategies
Xie, J., Shen, Z., Anraku, Y., Kataoka, K., & Chen, X. (2019) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119491 · Cited by 604 · see citing works
Targeting Receptor-Mediated Transport for Delivery of Biologics Across the Blood-Brain Barrier
Lajoie, J. M., & Shusta, E. V. (2015) · Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology · doi:10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010814-124852 · Cited by 399 · see citing works
Shawahna, R., Uchida, Y., Declèves, X., Ohtsuki, S., Yousif, S., Dauchy, S., Jacob, A., Chassoux, F., Daumas-Duport, C., Couraud, P.-O., et al. (2011) · Molecular Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1021/mp200129p · Cited by 372 · see citing works
Self-citationThe role of glucose transporters in brain disease: Diabetes and Alzheimer’s disease
Shah, K., DeSilva, S., & Abbruscato, T. (2012) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms131012629 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
Iron as a central player and promising target in cancer progression
Jung, M., Mertens, C., Tomat, E., & Brüne, B. (2019) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms20020273 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
“As the TfR is expressed at high levels at the blood–brain barrier [106,107] due to its physiological function to deliver iron to the brain, it is one of the most studied molecules for receptor-mediated drug delivery to the brain.”
BackgroundHoshi, Y., Uchida, Y., Tachikawa, M., Inoue, T., Ohtsuki, S., & Terasaki, T. (2013) · Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1002/jps.23575 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Self-citationVatine, G. D., Al-Ahmad, A., Barriga, B. K., Svendsen, S., Salim, A., Garcia, L., Garcia, V. J., Ho, R., Yucer, N., Qian, T., et al. (2017) · Cell Stem Cell · doi:10.1016/j.stem.2017.04.002 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Blood–Brain Barrier Breakdown in Alzheimer’s Disease: Mechanisms and Targeted Strategies
Alkhalifa, A. E., Al-Ghraiybah, N. F., Odum, J., Shunnarah, J. G., Austin, N., & Kaddoumi, A. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms242216288 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Stebbins, M. J., Wilson, H. K., Canfield, S. G., Qian, T., Palecek, S. P., & Shusta, E. V. (2016) · Methods · doi:10.1016/j.ymeth.2015.10.016 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Alzheimer’s disease: Targeting the glutamatergic system
Conway, M. E. (2020) · Biogerontology · doi:10.1007/s10522-020-09860-4 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Stem Cell-Based Human Blood–Brain Barrier Models for Drug Discovery and Delivery
Aday, S., Cecchelli, R., Hallier-Vanuxeem, D., Dehouck, M. P., & Ferreira, L. (2016) · Trends in Biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.tibtech.2016.01.001 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Pardridge, W. M. (2015) · Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets · doi:10.1517/14728222.2015.1042364 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Ribecco-Lutkiewicz, M., Sodja, C., Haukenfrers, J., Haqqani, A. S., Ly, D., Zachar, P., Baumann, E., Ball, M., Huang, J., Rukhlova, M., et al. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-19522-8 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Perfluoroalkyl Chemicals in Neurological Health and Disease: Human Concerns and Animal Models
Piekarski, D., Diaz, K., & McNerney, M. (2020) · NeuroToxicology · doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2020.01.001 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
The endo-lysosomal system of bEnd.3 and hCMEC/D3 brain endothelial cells
Toth, A. E., Nielsen, S. S. E., Tomaka, W., Abbott, N. J., & Nielsen, M. S. (2019) · Fluids and Barriers of the CNS · doi:10.1186/s12987-019-0134-9 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Zhang, W., Oh, J.-H., Zhang, W., Rathi, S., Le, J., Talele, S., Sarkaria, J. N., & Elmquist, W. F. (2023) · Pharmaceutical Research · doi:10.1007/s11095-023-03574-1 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
- Authors
- Uchida, Y., Ohtsuki, S., Katsukura, Y., Ikeda, C., Suzuki, T., Kamiie, J., & Terasaki, T.
- Affiliations
- Tohoku University (JP)
- Azabu University (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Terasaki, Tetsuya
- Venue
- Journal of Neurochemistry
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2011-02-25
- Volume
- 117
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 333-345
- ISSN
- 0022-3042 (ISSN-L)
- 1471-4159
- OpenAlex
- W2136487679
- Cited by
- 881
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 32 · 2025: 36 · 2024: 87 · 2023: 54 · 2022: 70 · 2021: 73 · 2020: 73 · 2019: 55 · 2018: 60 · 2017: 52 · 2016: 41 · 2015: 65 · 2014: 62 · 2013: 58 · 2012: 45
- FWCI
- 31.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Neurochemistry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (23790170)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Barrier Structure and Function Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Drug Transport and Resistance Mechanisms
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Spectroscopy › Advanced Proteomics Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- blood-brain barrier, cerebral microvasculature, membrane transporters, cell surface receptors, protein expression profiling, ABCG2, P-glycoprotein, MRP4, organic anion transporters, organic anion transporting polypeptides, glucose transporter 1, LAT1
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Animals, Biological Transport, Blood-Brain Barrier, Brain, Chromatography, Liquid, Humans, Male, Membrane Proteins, Middle Aged, Receptors, Cell Surface, Membrane Transport Proteins, Proteomics, Mice, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
