Cited by 2,748Psychometric Methodologies and TestingHealth Education and ValidationPatient-Provider Communication in Healthcare

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 36 of the 36 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Development of the Patient Activation Measure (PAM): Conceptualizing and Measuring Activation in Patients and Consumers

Open access

Hibbard, Judith H., Stockard, Jean, Mahoney, Eldon R., Tusler, Martin·2004·Health Services Research

DOI 10.1111/j.1475-6773.2004.00269.xPMC PMC1361049

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Background. Controlling costs and achieving health care quality improvements require the participation of activated and informed consumers and patients. Objectives. We describe a process for conceptualizing and operationalizing what it means to be “activated” and delineate the process we used to develop a measure for assessing “activation,” and the psychometric properties of that measure. Methods. We used the convergence of the findings from a national expert consensus panel and patient focus groups to define the concept and identify the domains of activation. These domains were operationalized by constructing a large item pool. Items were pilot‐tested and initial psychometric analysis performed using Rasch methodology. The third stage refined and extended the measure. The fourth stage used a national probability sample to assess the measure's psychometric performance overall and within different subpopulations. Study Sample. Convenience samples of patients with and without chronic illness, and a national probability sample ( N =1,515) are included at different stages in the research. Conclusions. The Patient Activation Measure is a valid, highly reliable, unidimensional, probabilistic Guttman‐like scale that reflects a developmental model of activation. Activation appears to involve four stages: (1) believing the patient role is important, (2) having the confidence and knowledge necessary to take action, (3) actually taking action to maintain and improve one's health, and (4) staying the course even under stress. The measure has good psychometric properties indicating that it can be used at the individual patient level to tailor intervention and assess changes.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1111/j.1475-6773.2004.00269.x

Cites

36 of 36 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Applying the Rasch Model: Fundamental Measurement in the Human Sciences
Bond, T. G., & Fox, C. M. (2003) · Journal of Educational Measurement · doi:10.1111/j.1745-3984.2003.tb01103.x · Cited by 4,490
Patient Self-management of Chronic Disease in Primary Care
Bodenheimer, T. (2002) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.288.19.2469 · Cited by 3,598 · cited 2×
“The review findings indicated that being an engaged and active participant in one’s own care is linked to better health outcomes (Von Korff et al. 1997; Lorig et al. 1999; Von Korff et al. 1998; Bodenheimer et al. 2002) and measurable cost savings (Glasgow et al. 2002).”
A Rating Formulation for Ordered Response Categories
Andrich, D. (1978) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02293814 · Cited by 2,984
The process of smoking cessation: An analysis of precontemplation, contemplation, and preparation stages of change.
DiClemente, C. C., Prochaska, J. O., Fairhurst, S., Velicer, W. F., Velasquez, M. M., & Rossi, J. S. (1991) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.59.2.295 · Cited by 2,402
Evidence Suggesting That a Chronic Disease Self-Management Program Can Improve Health Status While Reducing Hospitalization: A Randomized Trial
Lorig, K. R., Sobel, D. S., Stewart, A. L., Brown, B. W., Bandura, A., Ritter, P., Gonzalez, V. M., Laurent, D. D., & Holman, H. R. (1999) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/00005650-199901000-00003 · Cited by 2,261
Assessing the Effects of Physician-Patient Interactions on the Outcomes of Chronic Disease
Kaplan, S. H., Greenfield, S., & Ware, J. E. (1989) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/00005650-198903001-00010 · Cited by 2,043
Probabilistic Models for some Intelligence and Attainment Tests.
Wolins, L., Wright, B. D., & Rasch, G. (1982) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2287805 · Cited by 2,009
Best Test Design. Rasch Measurement.
Wright, B. D., & Stone, M. H. (1979) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,975
Rating scale analysis
Wright, B. D., & Masters, G. N. (1982) · ACEReSearch Repository (Australian Council for Educational Research) · Cited by 1,930
The process of smoking cessation: An analysis of precontemplation, contemplation, and preparation stages of change.
DiClemente, C. C., Prochaska, J. O., Fairhurst, S., et al. (1991) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.59.2.295 · Cited by 1,838

Show all 36 references

Research works printed but not linked: 6

Bandura A., 1991, Adaption, Learning and Affect, 226
Kahn D. A., 1997, Consensus Methods in Practice Guideline Development, Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 33, 631
Linacre J. M., 2002, Winsteps Manual
Smith R. M., 1996, Polytomous Mean‐Square Fit Statistics, Rasch Measurement Transactions, 10, 516
Winsteps, 2002, Winsteps: Rasch Model Statistical Software
Wright B. D., 1979, Best Test Design

Sorted by citations

Items 201–300 of 1,008

Participation of Very Old Adults in Health Care Decisions
Bynum, J., Barré, L. K., Reed, C., & Passow, H. J. (2013) · Medical Decision Making · doi:10.1177/0272989x13508008 · Cited by 87
A Web-Based Patient Portal for Mental Health Care: Benefits Evaluation
Kipping, S., Stuckey, M. I., Hernandez, A., Nguyen, T. M., & Riahi, S. (2016) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.6483 · Cited by 84
“Patients and carers with increased activation in their care develop the knowledge, skills, and confidence [4] to manage their illness effectively, which may lead to the engagement in self-management behaviors [5].”
Personalized symptom management: a quality improvement collaborative for implementation of patient reported outcomes (PROs) in ‘real-world’ oncology multisite practices
Howell, D., Rosberger, Z., Mayer, C., Faria, R., Hamel, M., Snider, A., Bryant‐Lukosius, D., Montgomery, N., Mozuraitis, M., Li, M., et al. (2020) · Journal of Patient-Reported Outcomes · doi:10.1186/s41687-020-00212-x · Cited by 90
“Using a similar timeframe, a Mann Whitney U-test was used to evaluate change in levels of patient activation using the brief Patient Activation Measure (PAM) [58].”
Method
Autism-specific parenting self-efficacy: An examination of the role of parent-reported intervention involvement, satisfaction with intervention-related training, and caregiver burden
Kurzrok, J., McBride, E. R., & Grossman, R. B. (2021) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361321990931 · Cited by 93
“…scales, including those related to parenting a child with medical needs (e.g. the Parent Activation Measure for Developmental Disabilities (PAM-DD); Hibbard et al., 2004), and in consultation with experienced speech-language pathologists, clinical instructors in a graduate speech and language…”
Background
A Smartphone-Based Model of Care to Support Patients With Cardiac Disease Transitioning From Hospital to the Community (TeleClinical Care): Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial
Indraratna, P., Biswas, U., McVeigh, J., Mamo, A., Magdy, J., Vickers, D., Watkins, E., Ziegl, A., Liu, H., Cholerton, N., et al. (2021) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/32554 · Cited by 90
Understanding the challenges faced by adolescents and young adults with allergic conditions: A systematic review
Vázquez‐Ortiz, M., Angier, E., Blümchen, K., Comberiati, P., Duca, B., DunnGalvin, A., Gore, C., Hox, V., Jensen, B., Pité, H., et al. (2020) · Allergy · doi:10.1111/all.14258 · Cited by 85
Why do patients engage in medical tourism?
Runnels, V., & Carrera, P. (2012) · Maturitas · doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2012.08.011 · Cited by 85
Patient Experiences with Coordination of Care: The Benefit of Continuity and Primary Care Physician as Referral Source
O’Malley, A. S., & Cunningham, P. J. (2008) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-008-0885-5 · Cited by 85
“We attempted to control for this potential bias by including a validatedmeasure of how much patients actively participate in their own care.(23) It is also possible that patient’s may over-estimate the extent of coordination by their providers.”
Method
A randomized, controlled trial of aerobic exercise in combination with paroxetine in the treatment of panic disorder
Wedekind, D., Broocks, A., Weiss, N., Engel, K., Neubert, K., & Bandelow, B. (2010) · The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/15622975.2010.489620 · Cited by 87
Supported self-management for patients with moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): an evidence synthesis and economic analysis
Jordan, R., Majothi, S., Heneghan, N. R., Blissett, D. B., Riley, R. D., Sitch, A. J., Price, M. J., Bates, E. J., Turner, A. M., Bayliss, S. E., et al. (2015) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta19360 · Cited by 90
Psychometric properties of the Patient Activation Measure among individuals presenting for elective lumbar spine surgery
Skolasky, R. L., MacKenzie, E. J., Riley, L. H., & Wegener, S. T. (2009) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-009-9549-0 · Cited by 84
“[30] consisted of (1) believes taking an active role is important; (2) has confidence and knowledge to take action; (3) takes action; and (4) stays the course under pressure.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Digital health intervention in acute myocardial infarction
Marvel, F. A., Spaulding, E. M., Lee, M. A., Yang, W. E., Demo, R., Ding, J., Wang, J., Xun, H., Shah, L. M., Weng, D., et al. (2021) · Circulation Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes · doi:10.1161/circoutcomes.121.007741 · Cited by 84
Understanding and Execution of Discharge Instructions
Coleman, E. A., Chugh, A., Williams, M. V., Grigsby, J., Glasheen, J. J., McKenzie, M., & Min, S. (2013) · American Journal of Medical Quality · doi:10.1177/1062860612472931 · Cited by 92
“This research team has provided further evidence that health literacy and activation are discrete constructs.(33) Physicians and nurses will not have identified a significant percentage of cognitively impaired patients as having cognitive deficits, given that routine cognitive screening is uncommon.”
Background
Activation, Self-management, Engagement, and Retention in Behavioral Health Care
Alegria, M. M., Carson, N. J., Flores, M. W., Li, X., Shi, P., Lessios, A. S., Polo, A. J., Allen, M., Fierro, M., Interian, A., et al. (2014) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.4519 · Cited by 83
Why Health and Social Care Support for People with Long-Term Conditions Should be Oriented Towards Enabling Them to Live Well
Entwistle, V. A., Cribb, A., & Owens, J. (2016) · Health Care Analysis · doi:10.1007/s10728-016-0335-1 · Cited by 82
“Most notably, insights from theories of learning and behaviour change have fostered interest in: looking beyond people’s healthrelated knowledge to their skills and self-efficacy for recommended health-related behaviours; assessing and responding to people’s motivation or state of ‘activation’ for condition-management…”
Moving Toward A More Patient-Centered Health Care Delivery System
Hibbard, J. H. (2004) · Health Affairs · doi:10.1377/hlthaff.var.133 · Cited by 82
Self-citation
Nurse Practitioners and Men’s Primary Health Care
Rosu, M. B., Oliffe, J. L., & Kelly, M. T. (2015) · American Journal of Men s Health · doi:10.1177/1557988315617721 · Cited by 85
Patient empowerment, what does it mean for adults in the advanced stages of a life-limiting illness: A systematic review using critical interpretive synthesis
Wakefield, D., Bayly, J., Selman, L. E., Firth, A. M., Higginson, I. J., & Murtagh, F. E. (2018) · Palliative Medicine · doi:10.1177/0269216318783919 · Cited by 80
Effects of Patient Activation Intervention on Chronic Diseases: A Meta-Analysis
Lin, M.-Y., Wei-Shih, W. E. N. G., Apriliyasari, R. W., Trường, P. V., & Tsai, P.-S. (2020) · Journal of Nursing Research · doi:10.1097/jnr.0000000000000387 · Cited by 81
“Patient activation interventions have focused specifically on a tailored approach to improve patients' motivation, knowledge, skills, and confidence to manage their health (Hibbard et al., 2004; Young et al., 2016).”
Background
Value for Money in Health Spending
OECD (2010) · OECD health policy studies · doi:10.1787/9789264088818-en · Cited by 79
Making Sense of “Consumer Engagement” Initiatives to Improve Health and Health Care: A Conceptual Framework to Guide Policy and Practice
Mittler, J., Martsolf, G. R., Telenko, S., & Scanlon, D. P. (2013) · Milbank Quarterly · doi:10.1111/milq.12002 · Cited by 86
“First, we investigated Hibbard’s patient activation concept more closely, reviewing the six articles generated from a new PubMed search of “patient activation” and “Hibbard” (Hibbard and Cunningham 2008; Hibbard et al. 2004, 2005, 2007a, 2007b; Mosen et al. 2007).”
Method
Patient-Physician Communication in the Context of Persistent Pain: Validation of a Modified Version of the Patients' Perceived Involvement in Care Scale
Smith, M. Y., Winkel, G. H., Egert, J. R., Diaz-Wionczek, M., & DuHamel, K. N. (2006) · Journal of Pain and Symptom Management · doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2006.01.007 · Cited by 81
Telephone and Web: Mixed‐Mode Challenge
Greene, J., Speizer, H., & Wiitala, W. (2007) · Health Services Research · doi:10.1111/j.1475-6773.2007.00747.x · Cited by 81
“First was the patient activation measure (PAM), which is a scale with strong psychometric properties that assesses the degree of knowledge, skill, and confidence respondents have in managing their health (Hibbard et al. 2004, 2005).”
Background
Co-Production of Prolonged, Complex, and Negative Services
Spanjol, J., Cui, A. S., Nakata, C. C., Sharp, L. K., Crawford, S. Y., Xiao, Y., & Watson‐Manheim, M. B. (2015) · Journal of Service Research · doi:10.1177/1094670515583824 · Cited by 85
“In the medical literature, concepts such as patient engagement (e.g., Gruman et al. 2010) and patient activation (Hibbard et al. 2004) are increasingly evoked with the aim to move away from a paternalistic health care system.”
Association between self-stigma and self-care behaviors in patients with type 2 diabetes: a cross-sectional study
Kato, A., Fujimaki, Y., Fujimori, S., Isogawa, A., Onishi, Y., Suzuki, R., Yamauchi, T., Ueki, K., Kadowaki, T., & Hashimoto, H. (2016) · BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care · doi:10.1136/bmjdrc-2015-000156 · Cited by 81
Usability and perceived usefulness of personal health records for preventive health care: A case study focusing on patients' and primary care providers' perspectives
Ozok, A. A., Wu, H., Garrido, M. M., Pronovost, P. J., & Gürses, A. P. (2013) · Applied Ergonomics · doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2013.09.005 · Cited by 86
Personalized Hypertension Management Using Patient-Generated Health Data Integrated With Electronic Health Records (EMPOWER-H): Six-Month Pre-Post Study
Lv, N., Xiao, L., Simmons, M. L., Rosas, L. G., Chan, A. S., & Entwistle, M. (2017) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.7831 · Cited by 84
“Participant activation was measured by the 13-item Patient Activation Measure (PAM) assessing patient’s knowledge, skill, and confidence for self-management [32,33].”
Method
Definitions, instruments and correlates of patient empowerment: A descriptive review
Mora, M. A., Sparud‐Lundin, C., Moons, P., & Bratt, E. (2021) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2021.06.014 · Cited by 85
The gap between policy and practice: a systematic review of patient-centred care interventions in chronic heart failure
Kane, P. M., Murtagh, F. E., Ryan, K., Mahon, N., McAdam, B. F., McQuillan, R., Ellis-Smith, C. I., Tracey, C., Howley, C., Raleigh, C., et al. (2015) · Heart Failure Reviews · doi:10.1007/s10741-015-9508-5 · Cited by 83
An evaluation of a self-management program for patients with long-term conditions
Turner, A., Anderson, J., WALLACE, L. M., & Bourne, C. (2014) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2014.08.022 · Cited by 85
“The primary aim of this evaluation was to see whether the SMP improved patient activation, which refers to the extent that patients have the knowledge, skills, and confidence, to use self-management support skills in their lives [16].”
Background
Psychometric evaluation of the German version of the patient activation measure (PAM13)
Zill, J. M., Dwinger, S., Kriston, L., Rohenkohl, A. C., Härter, M. C., & Dirmaier, J. (2013) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-1027 · Cited by 78
“Hibbard and colleagues [9] conceptualized patient activation as a hierarchically structured developmental process with four stages of activation, where individuals can progress through to become fully activated in their health management.”
Background
Examining the Effects of Remote Monitoring Systems on Activation, Self-care, and Quality of Life in Older Patients With Chronic Heart Failure
Evangelista, L. S., Lee, J., Moore, A. A., Motie, M., Ghasemzadeh, H. G., Sarrafzadeh, M., & Mangione, C. M. (2013) · The Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing · doi:10.1097/jcn.0000000000000110 · Cited by 77
“In addition, patients in the RMS group who were able to self-monitor and transmit data using the RMS over 3 months reported higher levels of self-care knowledge, skills, and self-efficacy and greater improvements in activation levels over time compared with the comparison group.(15) Participants in the RMS group also…”
Result
Assessing the influence of health literacy on health information behaviors: A multi-domain skills-based approach
Suri, V. R., Majid, S., Chang, Y., & Foo, S. S.-B. (2015) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2015.12.017 · Cited by 79
“We suggest that future research should focus on validating the HLQ TM using existing measures of health literacy [45–47] and patient activation [48,49] to further establish the reliability and validity of this instrument.”
Method
The role of primary care providers in patient activation and engagement in self-management: a cross-sectional analysis
Alvarez, C., Greene, J., Hibbard, J., & Overton, V. (2016) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-016-1328-3 · Cited by 78
“Patient activation refers to having the knowledge, skill, and confidence to manage one’s own health and health care and is assessed using the 13-item Patient Activation Measure (PAM) [12].”
MethodSelf-citation
Developing a common framework for evaluating the implementation of genomic medicine interventions in clinical care: the IGNITE Network’s Common Measures Working Group
Orlando, L. A., Sperber, N. R., Voils, C. I., Nichols, M., Myers, R. A., Wu, R. R., Rakhra-Burris, T. K., Levy, K. D., Levy, M. A., Pollin, T. I., et al. (2017) · Genetics in Medicine · doi:10.1038/gim.2017.144 · Cited by 79
A Pilot Study of CPAP Adherence Promotion by Peer Buddies with Sleep Apnea
Parthasarathy, S., Wendel, C., Haynes, P. L., Atwood, C., & Kuna, S. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.2744 · Cited by 77
“(d) Patient Activation Measure (PAM): a 22-item measure that assesses patient knowledge, skill, and confidence for self-management 17 ; and Self-Efficacy Measure for Sleep Apnea (SEMSA), a tool with strong psychometric properties and with the potential for identifying patient perceptions that may…”
Self-Management, Self-Efficacy, and Health-Related Quality of Life in Children With Chronic Illness and Medical Complexity
Bravo, L., Killela, M. K., Reyes, B. L., Santos, K. M. B., Torres, V., Huang, C.-C., & Jacob, E. (2020) · Journal of Pediatric Health Care · doi:10.1016/j.pedhc.2019.11.009 · Cited by 77
“…self-care and preventive behaviors, better health outcomes, and significantly lower rates of doctor office visits, emergency room visits, and hospital lengths of stay – all associated with self-management (Hibbard et al, 2004; Hibbard & Greene 2013; Mitchell et al., 2014; Stepleman et al., 2010).”
Background
Interventions to address global inequity in diabetes: international progress
Walker, A. F., Graham, S., Maple-Brown, L. J., Egede, L. E., Campbell, J. A., Walker, R. J., Wade, A. N., Mbanya, J. C., Long, J. A., Yajnik, C. S., et al. (2023) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(23)00914-5 · Cited by 82
Health Literacy: An Educationally Sensitive Patient Outcome
Yin, H. S., Jay, M. R., Maness, L., Zabar, S. R., & Kalet, A. L. (2015) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-015-3329-z · Cited by 83
New Measures to Establish the Evidence Base for Medical Education: Identifying Educationally Sensitive Patient Outcomes
Kalet, A. L., Gillespie, C. C., Schwartz, M. D., Holmboe, E. S., Ark, T. K., Jay, M. R., Paik, S., Truncali, A., Bruno, J. H., Zabar, S. R., et al. (2010) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/acm.0b013e3181d734a5 · Cited by 77
Randomised controlled trial of a service brokerage intervention for ex-prisoners in Australia.
Kinner, S., Lennox, N., Williams, G., Carroll, M., Quinn, B., Boyle, F., & Alati, R. (2013) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2013.07.001 · Cited by 70
“Distress Scale (K10) [40]; Short-Form 36 Health Survey version 2 (SF-36v2) [41]; Patient Activation Measure (PAM) [42]; Hayes Ability Screening Index (HASI) [43]; and Enriched Social Support Inventory (ESSI) [44].”
Background
Patient‐reported outcome measures suitable to assessment of patient navigation
Fiscella, K. A., RANSOM, S. D., Jean‐Pierre, P., Cella, D. F., Stein, K., Bauer, J. E., Crane‐Okada, R., Gentry, S. S., Canosa, R., Smith, T. G., et al. (2011) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.26260 · Cited by 83
“Common examples of PROs include quality-of-life and health status measures,(15) patient satisfaction and experience,(16) psychological distress, pain,(17) and self-efficacy.(18) The common feature of PRO measures is their grounding in the patient’s perspective.”
Background
Mobile application as a prenatal education and engagement tool: A randomized controlled pilot
Ledford, C. J. W., Canzona, M. R., Cafferty, L. A., & Hodge, J. A. (2015) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2015.11.006 · Cited by 80
Development of a Chronic Care Ostomy Self-Management Program
GRANT, M. M., McCorkle, R. C., Hornbrook, M. C., Wendel, C. S., & Krouse, R. S. (2012) · Journal of Cancer Education · doi:10.1007/s13187-012-0433-1 · Cited by 79
“In addition, we have incorporated Patient Activation [15, 16] which is actually taking action to maintain and improve one's health and staying the course even when under stress.”
Determinants of activation for self-management in patients with COPD
Korpershoek, Y., Bos-Touwen, I. D., Ginkel, J. M. D. M., Lammers, J. J., Schuurmans, M. J., & Trappenburg, J. C. A. (2016) · International Journal of COPD · doi:10.2147/copd.s109016 · Cited by 85
“The primary outcome activation for self-management was measured by the Patient Activation Measure (PAM-13), a 13-item instrument that assesses self-reported knowledge, skills, and confidence for self-management.(14,20,21) A positive change in activation has shown to be associated with positive changes in various self-…”
Guidelines and Criteria for the Implementation of Community-Based Health Promotion Programs for Individuals with Disabilities
Drum, C. E., Peterson, J. J., Culley, C., Krahn, G. L., Heller, T., Kimpton, T. A., McCubbin, J., Rimmer, J. H., Seekins, T. W., Suzuki, R., et al. (2009) · American Journal of Health Promotion · doi:10.4278/ajhp.090303-cit-94 · Cited by 77
“of providing the skills, knowledge, and motivation to patients to be part of the care team).(55) The Surgeon General’s Call to”
Background
Moving Toward Patient‐Centered Care: Women's Decisions, Perceptions, and Experiences of the Induction of Labor Process
Moore, J. E., Low, L. K., Titler, M. G., Dalton, V. K., & Sampselle, C. M. (2014) · Birth · doi:10.1111/birt.12080 · Cited by 85
“Patient Activation Patient activation is defined as the ability or readiness of a person to engage in health behaviors that will maintain or improve their health status (Hibbard et al., 2004).”
BackgroundInfluential
Patient activation with knowledge, self‐management and confidence in chronic kidney disease
Johnson, M. L., Zimmerman, L. M., Welch, J. L., Hertzog, M. A., Pozehl, B., & Plumb, T. J. (2015) · Journal of Renal Care · doi:10.1111/jorc.12142 · Cited by 75
Implementation science in maternity care: a scoping review
Dadich, A., Piper, A., & Coates, D. (2021) · Implementation Science · doi:10.1186/s13012-021-01083-6 · Cited by 72
“Given the study focus, they modified the OMRU by incorporating the concepts of decision-making and patient activation [205]—that is, ‘[an] ability or [a] readiness.”
Method
Between reality and delusion: challenges of applying large language models to companion robots for open-domain dialogues with older adults
Irfan, B., Kuoppamäki, S., Hosseini, A., & Skantze, G. (2025) · Autonomous Robots · doi:10.1007/s10514-025-10190-y · Cited by 92
Advance Care Planning in Frail Older Adults: A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial
Overbeek, A., Korfage, I. J., Jabbarian, L. J., Billekens, P., Hammes, B. J., Polinder, S., Severijnen, J., Swart, S. J., Witkamp, F. E., van der Heide, A., et al. (2018) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.15333 · Cited by 74
“Patient activation refers to the knowledge, skills, and confidence that equip individuals to be actively engaged in their healthcare.(6) Hibbard’s conceptual model of patient activation From the *Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC; Laurens, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Respecting Choices, C-TAC Innovations, La Cro…”
Background
Follow-up care after treatment for prostate cancer: evaluation of a supported self-management and remote surveillance programme
Frankland, J., Brodie, H., Cooke, D., Foster, C. L., Foster, R., Gage, H., Jordan, J., Mesa‐Eguiagaray, I., Pickering, R. M., & Richardson, A. M. (2019) · BMC Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12885-019-5561-0 · Cited by 74
The Development and Validation of the Hypertension Evaluation of Lifestyle and Management Knowledge Scale
Schapira, M. M., Fletcher, K. E., Hayes, A., Eastwood, D. C., Patterson, L., Ertl, K., & Whittle, J. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Hypertension · doi:10.1111/j.1751-7176.2012.00619.x · Cited by 82
“Patient activation was assessed using the Patient Activation Measure, a 13-item scale with 4-point Likert scale response options.(25) Self-efficacy was assessed with the self-efficacy scale, a 10-item measure with 4-point Likert scale response options.”
Method
Patient activation and use of an electronic patient portal
Ancker, J. S., Osorio, S. N., Cheriff, A. D., Cole, C. L., Silver, M. D., & Kaushal, R. (2014) · Informatics for Health and Social Care · doi:10.3109/17538157.2014.908200 · Cited by 75
“This combination of knowledge, skills, and self-efficacy, labeled ‘‘patient activation,’’ has been studied with the patient activation measure (PAM) (4).”
BackgroundMethod
Patient Activation and Health Literacy as Predictors of Health Information Use in a General Sample of Dutch Health Care Consumers
Nijman, J., Hendriks, M. C. P., Brabers, A. E. M., de Jong, J. D., & Rademakers, J. J. D. J. M. (2014) · Journal of Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10810730.2013.837561 · Cited by 78
“As a result, a higher activated person will have a higher probability of better health outcomes (Hibbard, 2003; Hibbard et al., 2004).”
BackgroundMethod
Beyond reminders: a conceptual framework for using short message service to promote prevention and improve healthcare quality and clinical outcomes for people living with HIV
Coomes, C. M., Lewis, M. A., Uhrig, J. D., Furberg, R., Harris, J. L., & Bann, C. (2011) · AIDS Care · doi:10.1080/09540121.2011.608421 · Cited by 71
“Playing an active role in one's health and medical care leads to better healthcare quality, better clinical health outcomes, and likely lower healthcare costs (Hibbard, Stockard, Mahoney, & Tusler, 2004 ).”
Background
When people live with multiple chronic diseases: a collaborative approach to an emerging global challenge
Toro, N. (2011) · International Journal of Integrated Care · doi:10.5334/ijic.800 · Cited by 70
Factors Associated With Parental Activation in Pediatric Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant
Pennarola, B. W., Rodday, A. M., Mayer, D. K., Ratichek, S. J., Davies, S. M., Syrjala, K. L., Patel, S. K., Bingen, K. M., Kupst, M. J., Schwartz, L. A., et al. (2011) · Medical Care Research and Review · doi:10.1177/1077558711431460 · Cited by 74
“The PAM is validated in chronically-ill populations (Fowles et al., 2009; Hibbard et al., 2004; Hibbard & Cunningham, 2008; Mosen et al., 2007; Rask et al., 2009; Skolasky et al., 2008; Stepleman et al., 2010).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
The Meaning and Significance of Self-Management Among Socioeconomically Vulnerable Older Adults
Clark, D. O., Frankel, R. M., Morgan, D. L., Ricketts, G. D., Bair, M. J., Nyland, K. A., & Callahan, C. M. (2008) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/63.5.s312 · Cited by 73
‘Oncokompas’, a web-based self-management application to support patient activation and optimal supportive care: a feasibility study among breast cancer survivors
Melissant, H. C., Leeuw, I. M. V., Lissenberg-Witte, B. I., Konings, I. R. H. M., Cuijpers, P. J., & van Uden‐Kraan, C. F. (2018) · Acta Oncologica · doi:10.1080/0284186x.2018.1438654 · Cited by 72
Ostomy telehealth for cancer survivors: Design of the Ostomy Self-management Training (OSMT) randomized trial
Sun, V. C.-Y., Ercolano, E. A., McCorkle, R. C., GRANT, M. M., Wendel, C. S., Tallman, N. J., Passero, F. C., Raza, S., Cidav, Z., Holcomb, M. J., et al. (2017) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2017.10.008 · Cited by 72
“It incorporates patient activation, defined as taking action to maintain and improve one’s health, staying the course even when under stress, and not giving up in the face of setbacks or challenges [31, 32].”
Background
Empowering Patients to Co-Create a Sustainable Healthcare Value
Russo, G. M., Tartaglione, A. M., & Cavacece, Y. (2019) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su11051315 · Cited by 72
“Patient empowerment Health Literacy (HL) 5 [72] Patient Participation (PP) 3 [26,60] Patient Control (PC) 4 [20,21] Communication with Healthcare Professionals (CHP) 10 [25]”
BackgroundMethod
Patient activation in Europe: an international comparison of psychometric properties and patients’ scores on the short form Patient Activation Measure (PAM-13)
Rademakers, J. J. D. J. M., Maindal, H. T., Steinsbekk, A., Gensichen, J. S., Brenk-Franz, K., & Hendriks, M. C. P. (2016) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-016-1828-1 · Cited by 77
“developed and tested the Patient Activation Measure (PAM) in 2004 [9, 10].”
BackgroundMethod
Advances in the Conceptualization and Measurement of Health Care Empowerment: Development and Validation of the Health Care Empowerment Inventory
Johnson, M. O., Rose, C. D., Dilworth, S. E., & Neilands, T. B. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0045692 · Cited by 76
“While there are other constructs and measures in the literature that shed light on factors that may impact engagement in medical care, such as the Patient Activation Measure [5], the newly developed Model of Health Care Empowerment is unique in its focus on multiple, inter-related dimensions of engagement in care that…”
Background
The excellence of patient-centered healthcare: Investigating the links between empowerment, co-creation and satisfaction
Moretta Tartaglione, A., Cavacece, Y., Cassia, F., & Russo, G. (2018) · The TQM Journal · doi:10.1108/tqm-11-2017-0138 · Cited by 68
“In detail, for the operationalization of patient empowerment, a series of models were carefully chosen from the literature (Ishikawa et al., 2008; Hibbard et al., 2004; Small et al., 2013; Faulkner, 2001; Kim et al., 2001) and the items representing the four dimensions of patient empowerment (Ünver and Atzori, 2013) w…”
BackgroundMethod
Patient activation for self-management is associated with health status in patients with atrial fibrillation
McCabe, P. J., Stuart-Mullen, L. G., McLeod, C. J., Byrne, T. O., Schmidt, M. M., Branda, M. E., & Griffin, J. M. (2018) · Patient Preference and Adherence · doi:10.2147/ppa.s172970 · Cited by 73
“Clinicians can develop a practical and patient-centered plan to move the patient up the activation continuum.(5) The purpose of this retrospective cross-sectional study was to describe patient activation levels in patients with symptomatic AF and determine if patient-reported (AF symptom burden,”
Influential
A randomised controlled feasibility trial of E-health application supported care vs usual care after exacerbation of COPD: the RESCUE trial
North, M., Bourne, S. C., Green, B., Chauhan, A., Brown, T., Winter, J., Jones, T. L., Neville, D., Blythin, A. M., Watson, A., et al. (2020) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-020-00347-7 · Cited by 69
Navigating Poorly Charted Territory
Sofaer, S. (2008) · Medical Care Research and Review · doi:10.1177/1077558708327945 · Cited by 70
Patient participation in inpatient ward rounds on acute inpatient medical wards: a descriptive study
Redley, B., McTier, L., Botti, M. A., Hutchinson, A. M., Newnham, H. H., Campbell, D. A., & Bucknall, T. K. (2018) · BMJ Quality & Safety · doi:10.1136/bmjqs-2017-007292 · Cited by 67
Patient Engagement in Health Care
Clancy, C. M. (2011) · Health Services Research · doi:10.1111/j.1475-6773.2011.01254.x · Cited by 69
Development and initial testing of a Health Confidence Score (HCS)
Benson, T., POTTS, H. W. W., Bark, P., & Bowman, C. (2019) · BMJ Open Quality · doi:10.1136/bmjoq-2018-000411 · Cited by 70
Improving outcomes at Level I trauma centers
Castillo, R. C., Wegener, S. T., Zadnik, M., Carlini, A. R., Bradford, A. N., Heins, S. E., Wysocki, E., Pollak, A. N., Teter, H., & MacKenzie, E. J. (2013) · The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care · doi:10.1097/ta.0b013e3182921606 · Cited by 67
“The two intermediate outcomes measured were self-efficacy and patient activation (an aggregate concept encompassing broad areas of beliefs, motivation, locus of control, and self-efficacy) as measured by the Patient Activation Measure (PAM).(24) Key outcomes included health status as measured by the Physical Component…”
Method
Patient Activation and Functional Recovery in Persons Undergoing Spine Surgery
Skolasky, R. L., MacKenzie, E. J., Wegener, S. T., & Riley, L. H. (2011) · Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery · doi:10.2106/jbjs.j.00855 · Cited by 69
Can Patient Coaching Reduce Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Cancer Pain Control? Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial
Kalauokalani, D. K., Franks, P. J., Oliver, J. W., Meyers, F. J., & Kravitz, R. L. (2007) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1526-4637.2007.00170.x · Cited by 68
How self-stigma affects patient activation in persons with type 2 diabetes: a cross-sectional study
Kato, A., Fujimaki, Y., Fujimori, S., Isogawa, A., Onishi, Y., Suzuki, R., Ueki, K., Yamauchi, T., Kadowaki, T., & Hashimoto, H. (2020) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-034757 · Cited by 68
“In this study, the internal consistency of the PHQ-9 was 0.86.”
Influential
Barriers and facilitators to patient engagement in patient safety from patients and healthcare professionals' perspectives: A systematic review and meta‐synthesis
Chegini, Z., Arab‐Zozani, M., Islam, S. M. S., Tobiano, G., & Rahimi, S. A. (2021) · Nursing Forum · doi:10.1111/nuf.12635 · Cited by 67
Patient activation and its association with symptom burden and quality of life across the spectrum of chronic kidney disease stages in England
Magadi, W., Lightfoot, C. J., Memory, K. E., Santhakumaran, S., van der Veer, S. N., Thomas, N., Gair, R., & Smith, A. C. (2022) · BMC Nephrology · doi:10.1186/s12882-022-02679-w · Cited by 67
“The most widely used tool for assessment of activation is the Patient Activation Measure (PAM) [2].”
Method
Patient factors and glycaemic control – associations and explanatory power
Rogvi, S. Á., Tapager, I., Almdal, T., Schiøtz, M. L., & Willaing, I. (2012) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2012.03703.x · Cited by 67
Patient-Provider Therapeutic Alliance Contributes to Patient Activation in Community Mental Health Clinics
Allen, M., Cook, B. L., Carson, N. J., Interian, A., Roche, M. J. L., & Alegria, M. M. (2015) · Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research · doi:10.1007/s10488-015-0655-8 · Cited by 67
“…to take action (‘‘I know what each of my prescribed medications do’’), (3) Taking action (‘‘I have been able to maintain lifestyle changes’’), and (4) Staying the course under stress (‘‘I am confident I can figure out solutions when new problems arise with my health’’) (Hibbard et al. 2005, 2004).”
Influential
How Much Do Health Literacy and Patient Activation Contribute to Older Adults' Ability to Manage Their Health?
Greene, J., Hibbard, J. H., & Tusler, M. (2005) · Cited by 68
Self-citation
Ask, Understand, Remember: A Brief Measure of Patient Communication Self-Efficacy Within Clinical Encounters
Clayman, M. L., Pandit, A. U., Bergeron, A. R., Cameron, K. A., Ross, E., & Wolf, M. S. (2010) · Journal of Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10810730.2010.500349 · Cited by 63
“Our scale may complement tools such as the Patient Activation Measure (Hibbard et al., 2005; Hibbard et al., 2004) which appropriately addresses motivational factors in the context of healthcare, but does not assess the interaction between patients and clinicians.”
Method
Disparities in race/ethnicity and gender in in-hospital mortality rates for coronary artery bypass surgery patients.
Becker, E. R., & Rahimi, A. R. O. (2006) · PubMed · Cited by 66
Improving the quality of care in general practice
Goodwin, N., Dixon, A. L., Poole, T.-L., & Raleigh, V. S. (2011) · Cited by 66
The association between patient activation and self‐care practices: A cross‐sectional study of an Australian population with comorbid diabetes and chronic kidney disease
Zimbudzi, E., Lo, C., Ranasinha, S., Kerr, P. G., Polkinghorne, K. R., Teede, H. J., Usherwood, T., Walker, R. G., Johnson, G., Fulcher, G., et al. (2017) · Health Expectations · doi:10.1111/hex.12577 · Cited by 65
Peer-Led Self-Management of General Medical Conditions for Patients With Serious Mental Illnesses: A Randomized Trial
Druss, B. G., Singh, M., von Esenwein, S. A., Glick, G. E., Tapscott, S. L., Tucker, S. J., Lally, C. A., & Sterling, E. W. (2018) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201700352 · Cited by 66
“The intervention was hypothesized to improve health-related quality of life through improved general medical self-management, which was assessed with the Patient ActivationMeasure (48), a measure of patients’ perceived ability tomanage their illnesses and their health care visits.”
Using propensity score‐based weighting in the evaluation of health management programme effectiveness
Linden, A., & Adams, J. (2010) · Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2753.2009.01219.x · Cited by 65
Patient activation in adults with chronic conditions: A systematic review
Newland, P., Lorenz, R. A., & Oliver, B. J. (2020) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105320947790 · Cited by 65
Reliability and Validity of the Patient Activation Measure in Kidney Disease: Results of Rasch Analysis
Lightfoot, C. J., Wilkinson, T. J., Memory, K. E., Palmer, J., & Smith, A. C. (2021) · Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology · doi:10.2215/cjn.19611220 · Cited by 65
“The most frequently used measure of patient activation is the 13-item Patient Activation Measure (PAM13), a self-report tool designed to assess one’s activation in managing one's health (6).”
BackgroundMethod
Self-management in heart failure: where have we been and where should we go?
Gardetto, N. J. (2011) · Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare · doi:10.2147/jmdh.s8174 · Cited by 65
“Hibbard and her colleagues from the University of Oregon have described the theory and measurement of consumer and patient activation.(45,48,49) The degree to which an individual understands the necessity of taking an active role in managing personal health and health care, and feels capable of self-management is desc…”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
The medication experience: Preliminary evidence of its value for patient education and counseling on chronic medications
Shoemaker, S. J., de Oliveira, D. R., Alves, M. R., & Ekstrand, M. J. (2011) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2011.02.007 · Cited by 65
“approaches to patient education have been evolving to a more participative role in which the decision-making about treatments is shared between the patient and practitioners [57–61].”
Background
“Impactibility Models”: Identifying the Subgroup of High-Risk Patients Most Amenable to Hospital-Avoidance Programs
Lewis, G. H. (2010) · Milbank Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.1468-0009.2010.00597.x · Cited by 65
The Motivating Function of Healthcare Professional in eHealth and mHealth Interventions for Type 2 Diabetes Patients and the Mediating Role of Patient Engagement
Graffigna, G., Barello, S., Bonanomi, A. G., & Menichetti, J. (2016) · Journal of Diabetes Research · doi:10.1155/2016/2974521 · Cited by 65
“Patient Activation Measure (PAM) developed by Hibbard and colleagues [40], the 13-item Patient Activation Measure, is an interval-level, unidimensional Guttman-like measure that contains items measuring self-assessed knowledge about chronic conditions, beliefs about illness and medical care, and self-efficacy for self…”
Method
The relationship between child- and parent-reported shared decision making and child-, parent-, and clinician-reported treatment outcome in routinely collected child mental health services data
Edbrooke-Childs, J. H., Jacob, J., Argent, R., Patalay, P., Deighton, J., & Wolpert, M. (2015) · Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1359104515591226 · Cited by 65
“One possible explanation for this interaction effect may be self-management and patient activation, in that SDM may support improvements in these areas (Alegría et al., 2008; Hibbard et al., 2004; Storm & Edwards, 2012).”
Background
Clinical Inertia: A Common Barrier to Changing Provider Prescribing Behavior
Roumie, C. L., Elasy, T. A., Wallston, K. A., Pratt, S., Greevy, R. A., Liu, X., Alvarez, V., Dittus, R. S., & Speroff, T. (2007) · The Joint Commission Journal on Quality and Patient Safety · doi:10.1016/s1553-7250(07)33032-8 · Cited by 65
Effect of Electronic Health Record–Based Medication Support and Nurse-Led Medication Therapy Management on Hypertension and Medication Self-management
Persell, S. D., Karmali, K. N., Lazar, D., Friesema, E. M., Lee, J. Y., RADEMAKER, A. W., Kaiser, D., Eder, M., French, D. D., Brown, T., et al. (2018) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2018.2372 · Cited by 71
KDOQI US Commentary on the 2020 ISPD Practice Recommendations for Prescribing High-Quality Goal-Directed Peritoneal Dialysis
Teitelbaum, I., Glickman, J. D., Neu, A. M., Neumann, J. L., Rivara, M. B., Shen, J. I., Wallace, E. L., Watnick, S. G., & Mehrotra, R. (2020) · American Journal of Kidney Diseases · doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2020.09.010 · Cited by 64
New perspectives for motivating better decisions in older adults
Strough, J., de Bruin, W. B., & Peters, E. M. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00783 · Cited by 73
“…in the process of becoming competent managers of their own health: understanding that they have an important role to play in managing their health; gaining the knowledge and confidence to take action; taking action; and maintaining those behaviors even under stress (Hibbard et al., 2004, 2005).”
Background
Effects of a Palliative Care Intervention on Clinical Outcomes in Patients With Advanced Cancer
Lyons, K. D., Hegel, M. T., Balan, S., Brokaw, F. C., Seville, J. L., Hull, J. G., Li, Z., Tosteson, T. D., Byock, I. R., & Ahles, T. A. (2009) · Cited by 64
A Model of Organizational Context and Shared Decision Making: Application to LGBT Racial and Ethnic Minority Patients
DeMeester, R. H., López, F. Y., Moore, J. E., Cook, S. C., & Chin, M. H. (2016) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-016-3608-3 · Cited by 66
Primer on adult patient satisfaction in perioperative settings
Trinh, L. N., Fortier, M. A., & Kain, Z. N. (2019) · Perioperative Medicine · doi:10.1186/s13741-019-0122-2 · Cited by 72
“Patients who were less satisfied experienced persistent pain, nausea, vomiting, and other minor adverse outcomes post-operatively (Hickson et al., 2002; Bjertnaes et al., 2012; Bleich et al., 2009; Hibbard et al., 2004).”
Background

Authors: Hibbard, J. H., Stockard, J., Mahoney, E. R., & Tusler, M.
Affiliations: University of Oregon (US)
Corresponding author: Hibbard, Judith H.
ORCID: Hibbard, Judith H.
Stockard, Jean
Venue: Health Services Research
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2004-06-28
Volume: 39
Issue: 4p1
Pages: 1005-1026
ISSN: 0017-9124 (ISSN-L)
1475-6773
DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-6773.2004.00269.x
PMC: PMC1361049
OpenAlex: W1926404136
Cited by: 2,748
References: 36
Citations by year: 2026: 136 · 2025: 217 · 2024: 227 · 2023: 203 · 2022: 233 · 2021: 235 · 2020: 184 · 2019: 182 · 2018: 186 · 2017: 172 · 2016: 172 · 2015: 147 · 2014: 114 · 2013: 88 · 2012: 65
FWCI: 18.98
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: Health Services Research (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Scholars' Bank (University of Oregon) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Health Sciences › Nursing › Research and Theory › Health Education and Validation
Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Patient-Provider Communication in Healthcare
Keywords: Patient Activation Measure, patient activation, psychometric validation, Rasch analysis, scale development, chronic disease, health behavior change, healthcare quality improvement
MeSH terms: Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Chronic Disease, Female, Humans, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Male, Middle Aged, Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care, Patient Education as Topic, Patient Participation, Pilot Projects, Primary Prevention, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Time Factors, United States, Reproducibility of Results

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Development of the Patient Activation Measure (PAM): Conceptualizing and Measuring Activation in Patients and Consumers

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks