The DOI matches its Crossref record; 36 of the 36 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
HOW FIRM CHARACTERISTICS AFFECT CAPITAL STRUCTURE: AN INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON
Open accessAbstract
In this empirical study I examine the factors correlated with capital structure in France, Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Although mean leverage and many firm factors appear to be similar across countries, some significant differences remain. Specifically, differences appear in the correlation between long‐term debt/asset ratios and the firms' riskiness, profitability, size, and growth. These correlations may be explained by differences in tax policies and agency problems, including differences in bankruptcy costs, information asymmetries, and shareholder/creditor conflicts. The findings of this study suggest links between varying choices in capital structure across countries and legal and institutional differences.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Theory of the firm: Managerial behavior, agency costs and ownership structure
Jensen, M. C., & Meckling, W. H. (1976) · Journal of Financial Economics · doi:10.1016/0304-405x(76)90026-x · Cited by 71,491
Corporate financing and investment decisions when firms have information that investors do not have
Myers, S. C., & Majluf, N. S. (1984) · Journal of Financial Economics · doi:10.1016/0304-405x(84)90023-0 · Cited by 18,957
Agency Costs of Free Cash Flow, Corporate Finance, and Takeovers
Jensen, M. C. (1986) · Cited by 17,275
FINANCIAL RATIOS, DISCRIMINANT ANALYSIS AND THE PREDICTION OF CORPORATE BANKRUPTCY
Altman, E. I. (1968) · The Journal of Finance · doi:10.1111/j.1540-6261.1968.tb00843.x · Cited by 14,888
Limited-dependent and qualitative variables in econometrics
Maddala, G. S. (1983) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511810176 · Cited by 13,240
Determinants of corporate borrowing
Myers, S. C. (1977) · Journal of Financial Economics · doi:10.1016/0304-405x(77)90015-0 · Cited by 13,169
Agency costs of free cash flow, corporate finance, and takeovers
Jensen, M. C. (1996) · Corporate Bankruptcy · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511609435.005 · Cited by 9,306
What Do We Know about Capital Structure? Some Evidence from International Data
RAJAN, R. G., & ZINGALES, L. (1995) · The Journal of Finance · doi:10.1111/j.1540-6261.1995.tb05184.x · Cited by 6,538
Optimal capital structure under corporate and personal taxation
DeAngelo, H., & Masulis, R. W. (1980) · Journal of Financial Economics · doi:10.1016/0304-405x(80)90019-7 · Cited by 2,902
Miller, M. H. (1977) · The Journal of Finance · doi:10.1111/j.1540-6261.1977.tb03267.x · Cited by 2,898
Cited by
Myers, S. C. (2001) · Journal of Economic Perspectives · doi:10.1257/jep.15.2.81 · Cited by 1,411
The effect of capital structure on profitability: an empirical analysis of listed firms in Ghana
Abor, J. (2005) · The Journal of Risk Finance · doi:10.1108/15265940510633505 · Cited by 962
Determinants of capital structure of Chinese-listed companies
Chen, J. J. (2004) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/s0148-2963(03)00070-5 · Cited by 853
Capital structure in an emerging stock market: The case of India
Chakraborty, I. (2010) · Research in International Business and Finance · doi:10.1016/j.ribaf.2010.02.001 · Cited by 294
Serrasqueiro, Z., & Caetano, A. (2014) · Journal of Business Economics and Management · doi:10.3846/16111699.2012.744344 · Cited by 218
Metadata
- Authors
- Wald, J. K.
- Venue
- Journal of Financial Research
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1999-06
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 161-187
- ISSN
- 0270-2592 (ISSN-L)
- 1475-6803
- OpenAlex
- W2089842977
- Cited by
- 893
- References
- 36
- FWCI
- 23.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: HOW FIRM CHARACTERISTICS AFFECT CAPITAL STRUCTURE: AN INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1111/j.1475-6803.1999.tb00721.x
- The paper
- Wald, J. K. (1999). HOW FIRM CHARACTERISTICS AFFECT CAPITAL STRUCTURE: AN INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON. Journal of Financial Research. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6803.1999.tb00721.x
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.