Differences in drinking patterns, occupational stress, and exposure to potentially traumatic events among firefighters: predictors of smoking relapse
Open accessAbstract
Background and Objectives: Despite the increased awareness regarding the risks of cigarette smoking, this behavior continues to be a serious public health concern. As such, the goal of the current study was to examine risk factors for smoking relapse among individuals employed through fire service. Methods: In this report, drinking changes, trauma exposure, and occupational stress were compared among firefighters (N = 81) who reported a relapse to cigarette smoking (n = 27), a lifetime former history of smoking (n = 27), or no history of smoking (n = 27). Mechanisms behind tobacco relapse occurring after employment in fire service were explored. Results: Firefighters who relapsed to smoking, when compared to their nonsmoking peers, had higher rates of weekly alcohol consumption throughout their first year of fire service and had greater increases in drinking from preacademy to postacademy. Conclusions and Scientific Significance: Gaining a better understanding of these behaviors within this understudied and high‐risk population may provide valuable information that can be used in designing future relapse prevention strategies as well as smoking cessation interventions. (Am J Addict 2012;21:550–554)
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Occupational stress was higher in the current study than in a previous firefighter sample.
“higher in the current study than in a previous firefighter sample (VanderVeen et al., 2012)”
From Occupational stress and suicidality among firefighters: Examining the buffering role of distress tolerance (2018) · cites this paper as VanderVeen et al., 2012
The previous firefighter sample comprised firefighter cadets, so cumulative stress throughout career may not have been captured in that junior population compared to the present sample.
“the previous sample comprised firefighter cadets. As such, the cumulative stress experienced by firefighters throughout their career may not have been captured in that relatively junior population, as compared to our sample”
From Occupational stress and suicidality among firefighters: Examining the buffering role of distress tolerance (2018) · cites this paper as VanderVeen et al., 2012
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
The Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence: a revision of the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire
HEATHERTON, T. F., KOZLOWSKI, L. T., FRECKER, R. C., & FAGERSTROM, K. (1991) · British Journal of Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01879.x · Cited by 10,738 · see citing works
Sobell, L. C., & Sobell, M. B. (1992) · Measuring Alcohol Consumption · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-0357-5_3 · Cited by 4,110 · see citing works
Cigarette smoking among adults — United States, 1988
Bachman, J. G., Johnston, L. D., & O’Malley, P. M. (1992) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/0738-3991(92)90149-d · Cited by 1,710 · see citing works
Smoking, stress, and negative affect: Correlation, causation, and context across stages of smoking.
Kassel, J. D., Stroud, L. R., & Paronis, C. A. (2003) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.2.270 · Cited by 1,081 · see citing works
Effects of abstinence from tobacco: Valid symptoms and time course
Hughes, J. (2007) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1080/14622200701188919 · Cited by 793 · see citing works
Cigarette Smoking Among Adults, United States
Maurice, E., Maurice, E., Trosclair, A., Merritt, R. K., Caraballo, R. S., Malarcher, A. M., Husten, C. G., & Pechacek, T. F. (2006) · Oncology Times · doi:10.1097/01.cot.0000294729.10854.1f · Cited by 777 · see citing works
The reliability of the Alcohol Timeline Followback when administered by telephone and by computer
Sobell, L. C., Brown, J., Leo, G. I., & Sobell, M. B. (1996) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/0376-8716(96)01263-x · Cited by 750 · see citing works
Pomerleau, C. S., Carton, S. M., Lutzke, M. L., Flessland, K. A., & Pomerleau, O. F. (1994) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/0306-4603(94)90049-3 · Cited by 729 · see citing works
Development and validation of a brief form of the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire.
Patrick, C. J., Curtin, J. J., & Tellegen, A. (2002) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037//1040-3590.14.2.150 · Cited by 647 · see citing works
Development and validation of a brief form of the multidimensional personality questionnaire
Patrick, C. J., Curtin, J. J., & Tellegen, A. (2002) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.14.2.150 · Cited by 647 · see citing works
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
Lucas, J. B. (1977) · Contact Dermatitis · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1977.tb03696.x · Cited by 497 · see citing works
Postcessation cigarette use: The process of relapse
Brandon, T. H., Tiffany, S. T., Obremski, K. M., & Baker, T. B. (1990) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/0306-4603(90)90013-n · Cited by 313 · see citing works
McElduff, P., & Dobson, A. J. (1997) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.314.7088.1159 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Vital signs: current cigarette smoking among adults aged >or=18 years --- United States, 2009.
(2010) · PubMed · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Shiffman, S., Balabanis, M. H., Gwaltney, C., Paty, J., Gnys, M., Kassel, J. D., Hickcox, M., & Paton, S. M. (2007) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.05.017 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in firefighters
Ben, K. S. D., Scotti, J. R., Chen, Y., & Fortson, B. L. (2006) · Work & Stress · doi:10.1080/02678370600679512 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Beaton, R. D., & Murphy, S. A. (1993) · Prehospital and Disaster Medicine · doi:10.1017/s1049023x00040218 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Bacharach, S. B., Bamberger, P. A., & Doveh, E. (2008) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.93.1.155 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Posttraumatic stress reactions in volunteer firefighters
Bryant, R. A., & Harvey, A. G. (1996) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1007/bf02116833 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Patterns and Predictors of Alcohol Use in Male and Female Urban Police Officers
Ballenger, J. F., Best, S. R., Metzler, T. J., Wasserman, D. A., Mohr, D. C., Liberman, A., Delucchi, K., Weiss, D. S., Fagan, J. A., Waldrop, A. E., et al. (2010) · American Journal on Addictions · doi:10.1111/j.1521-0391.2010.00092.x · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Posttraumatic stress reactions in volunteer firefighters
Bryant, R. A., & Harvey, A. G. (1996) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.2490090106 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Pepino, M. Y., & Mennella, J. A. (2007) · Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2007.00519.x · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Alcohol use and initial smoking lapses among heavy drinkers in smoking cessation treatment
Kahler, C. W., Spillane, N. S., & Metrik, J. (2010) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntq083 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Augustson, E. M., Wanke, K. L., Rogers, S., Bergen, A. W., Chatterjee, N., Synder, K., Albanes, D., Taylor, P. R., & Caporaso, N. E. (2007) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2005.084137 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Dollar, K. M., Homish, G. G., Kozlowski, L. T., & Leonard, K. E. (2008) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2008.140459 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Psychological distress and alcohol use among fire fighters.
Boxer, P. A., & Wild, D. (1993) · Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment & Health · doi:10.5271/sjweh.1497 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Kimbrel, N. A., Steffen, L. E., Meyer, E. C., Kruse, M. I., Knight, J. A., Zimering, R. T., & Gulliver, S. B. (2011) · Psychological Services · doi:10.1037/a0025845 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Self-citationFirefighting and Death from Cardiovascular Causes
Rosenstock, L., & Olsen, J. (2007) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejme078008 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Hard, D. L., Marsh, S. M., Merinar, T. R., Bowyer, M. E., Miles, S. T., Loflin, M. E., & Moore, P. H. (2018) · Journal of Safety Research · doi:10.1016/j.jsr.2018.10.013 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Direct and crossover effects of prosocial and antisocial coping behaviors.
Monnier, J., Cameron, R. P., Hobfall, S. E., & Gribble, J. R. (2000) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037//0893-3200.14.4.570 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
McDevitt‐Murphy, M. E. (2011) · Professional Psychology Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/a0022346 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Direct and crossover effects of prosocial and antisocial coping behaviors.
Monnier, J., Cameron, R. P., Hobfall, S. E., et al. (2000) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/0893-3200.14.4.570 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [29]Kahler CW Spillane NS Metrik J Alcohol use and initial smoking lapses among heavy drinkers in smoking cessation treatment Nicotine Tob Res 2010 12 781 785 20507898 PMC2893295
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Stanley, I. H., Boffa, J. W., Smith, L. J., Tran, J. K., Schmidt, N. B., Joiner, T. E., & Vujanovic, A. A. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.05.058 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Kocak, N. D., Eren, A., Boğa, S., Aktürk, Ü. A., Öztürk, Ü. A., Arınç, S., & Şengül, A. (2015) · Respiratory Care · doi:10.4187/respcare.03883 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Tobacco and alcohol use among firefighters during their first 3 years of service.
Gulliver, S. B., Zimering, R. T., Knight, J., Morissette, S. B., Kamholz, B. W., Meyer, E. C., Keane, T. M., Pennington, M. L., Denman, T. C., Carpenter, T., et al. (2018) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/adb0000366 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationPaltell, K. C., Bing‐Canar, H., Ranney, R. M., Tran, J. K., Berenz, E. C., & Vujanovic, A. A. (2019) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-019-09731-4 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Rodríguez‐Cano, R., López‐Durán, A., Martínez-Vispo, C., Martínez, Ú., del Río, E. F., & Becoña, E. (2016) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2016.09.005 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Smith, P. H., Oberleitner, L., Smith, K. M. Z., & McKee, S. A. (2015) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702615584589 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Posttraumatic stress disorder and sleep quality among urban firefighters in Thailand
Khumtong, C., & Taneepanichskul, N. (2019) · Nature and Science of Sleep · doi:10.2147/nss.s207764 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Lev‐Ran, S., Imtiaz, S., & Foll, B. L. (2012) · American Journal on Addictions · doi:10.1111/j.1521-0391.2012.00283.x · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Prevalence and Correlates of Late Initiation of Smokeless Tobacco in US Firefighters
Jitnarin, N., Poston, W. S. C., Haddock, C. K., Jahnke, S. A., Day, R. S., & Severson, H. H. (2016) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntw321 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
What Factors Influence Non-Adherence to the Smoking Cessation Program?
Kocak, N. D., & Aktürk, Ü. A. (2018) · Turkish Thoracic Journal · doi:10.5152/turkthoracj.2018.18040 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Latent transition analysis on post-traumatic stress and post-traumatic growth among firefighters
Shin, Y., Nam, J. K., Park, M., Lee, A., & Kim, Y. (2024) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2024.2387477 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Jitnarin, N., Haddock, C. K., Kaipust, C. M., Poston, W. S. C., & Jahnke, S. A. (2023) · Fire · doi:10.3390/fire6050183 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Compton, S. E., Fentem, A., Kaur, G., Slavish, D. C., & Contractor, A. A. (2025) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2025.2512921 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
FIREFIGHTERS AND CANCER: UNDERSTANDING RISK FACTOR IN AN ENVIRONMENT OF CHANGE
Dow, M., Kunz, K., Garis, L., & Thomas, L. S. (2015)
Is the diagnosis of lung cancer effective in decision of smoking cessation period?
Bulut, H., Yalnız, E., & Çimen, P. (2022) · Çukurova medical journal (Online)/Çukurova medical journal · doi:10.17826/cumj.980891
Stretton, S. M., MacDermid, J. C., Killip, S. C., MacPhee, R. S., & Walton, D. M. (2026) · FACETS · doi:10.1139/facets-2026-0061
- Authors
- VanderVeen, J. W., Gulliver, S. B., Morissette, S. B., Kruse, M. I., Kamholz, B. W., Zimering, R. T., Knight, J., & Keane, T. M.
- Affiliations
- Texas A&M Health Science Center (US)
- Boston University (US)
- Venue
- The American Journal on Addictions
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2012-09-27
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 550-554
- ISSN
- 1055-0496 (ISSN-L)
- 1521-0391
- PMC
- PMC4435978
- OpenAlex
- W2109442542
- Cited by
- 18
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 4 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 3 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 0.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- American Journal on Addictions (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH073808)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Stress and Burnout Research
- Keywords
- smoking relapse, firefighters, occupational stress, alcohol consumption, potentially traumatic events, trauma exposure, tobacco use, smoking cessation, relapse prevention
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Alcohol Drinking, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Risk Factors, Smoking, Stress, Psychological, Smoking Cessation, Secondary Prevention, Firefighters
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
