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Cited by 242Water Treatment and DisinfectionTherapeutic Uses of Natural ElementsMagnesium in Health and Disease

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 45 of the 45 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Comparison of the mineral content of tap water and bottled waters

Open access
Azoulay, Arik, Garzon, Philippe, Eisenberg, Mark J.·2001·Journal of General Internal Medicine
DOI 10.1111/j.1525-1497.2001.04189.xPMC PMC1495189
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Abstract

Objectives Because of growing concern that constituents of drinking water may have adverse health effects, consumption of tap water in North America has decreased and consumption of bottled water has increased. Our objectives were to 1) determine whether North American tap water contains clinically important levels of calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), and sodium (Na+) and 2) determine whether differences in mineral content of tap water and commercially available bottled waters are clinically important.Design We obtained mineral analysis reports from municipal water authorities of 21 major North American cities. Mineral content of tap water was compared with published data regarding commercially available bottled waters and with dietary reference intakes (DRIs).Measurements and main results Mineral levels varied among tap water sources in North America and among bottled waters. European bottled waters generally contained higher mineral levels than North American tap water sources and North American bottled waters. For half of the tap water sources we examined, adults may fulfill between 8% and 16% of their Ca2+ DRI and between 6% and 31% of their Mg2+ DRI by drinking 2 liters per day. One liter of most moderate mineralization European bottled waters contained between 20% and 58% of the Ca2+ DRI and between 16% and 41% of the Mg2+ DRI in adults. High mineralization bottled waters often contained up to half of the maximum recommended daily intake of Na+.Conclusion Drinking water sources available to North Americans may contain high levels of Ca2+, Mg2+, and Na+ and may provide clinically important portions of the recommended dietary intake of these minerals. Physicians should encourage patients to check the mineral content of their drinking water, whether tap or bottled, and choose water most appropriate for their needs.

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  • The bottled water packaging market was valued at USD 182 billion in 2019 and is expected to reach USD 278 billion by 2025 at a CAGR of 6.86% over the forecasting period of 2020 to 2025.

    “In 2019 it was valued at USD 182 billion, and it is expected to reach USD 278 billion by 2025 at a CAGR of 6.86% over the forecasting period of 2020 to 2025 [33,34].”

    From Bottled Water: An Evidence-Based Overview of Economic Viability, Environmental Impact, and Social Equity (2023) · cites this paper as [34]

    The Conclusion discusses rising bottled-water sales and reports consumption figures from 1991 and 1996, while the Methods and Results examine mineral content. A search of our copy for the claimed market values, growth rate, and packaging-market forecast found no passage addressing them. (LLM, conf=0.78)

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Citations

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Research works printed but not linked: 6

  1. Allen HAJ. An investigation of water hardness, calcium, and magnesium in relation to mortality in Ontario. PhD Thesis. University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada; 1972.
  2. von Wiesenberger A. The Pocket Guide to Bottled Water. 1st ed. Chicago, Ill: Contemporary Books; 1991.
  3. Green T, Green M. The Good Water Guide. London, England: Rosendale Press; 1994.
  4. Hammer MJ. Water and Wastewater Technology. 3rd ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall; 1996:21.
  5. Committee on Dietary Reference Intakes. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorous, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1997.
  6. Cavallo G. Water, water everywhere...but how much is safe to drink? Cardiac Alert. 1987; 9:4–6.

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Metadata

Authors
Azoulay, A., Garzon, P., & Eisenberg, M. J.
Affiliations
Jewish General Hospital (CA)
Corresponding author
Eisenberg, Mark J.
ORCID
Eisenberg, Mark J.
Venue
Journal of General Internal Medicine
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2001-03
Volume
16
Issue
3
Pages
168-175
ISSN
  • 0884-8734 (ISSN-L)
  • 1525-1497
DOI
10.1111/j.1525-1497.2001.04189.x
PMC
PMC1495189
OpenAlex
W2048650371
Cited by
242
References
45
Citations by year
2026: 9 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 11
FWCI
1.19
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Journal of General Internal Medicine (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Water Treatment and Disinfection
  • Health Sciences › Health Professions › Complementary and Manual Therapy › Therapeutic Uses of Natural Elements
  • Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Magnesium in Health and Disease
Keywords
tap water, bottled water, mineral content, calcium, magnesium, sodium, Dietary Reference Intakes, municipal water quality
MeSH terms
Beverages, Calcium, Europe, Humans, Magnesium, Mineral Waters, North America, Sodium, Water, Water Supply

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