The DOI matches its Crossref record; 12 of the 13 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Two Kinds of Unknowing
Abstract
Miranda Fricker claims that a “gap” in collective hermeneutical resources with respect to the social experiences of marginalized groups prevents members of those groups from understanding their own experiences (Fricker 2007). I argue that because Fricker misdescribes dominant hermeneutical resources as collective, she fails to locate the ethically bad epistemic practices that maintain gaps in dominant hermeneutical resources even while alternative interpretations are in fact offered by non-dominant discourses. Fricker's analysis of hermeneutical injustice does not account for the possibility that marginalized groups can be silenced relative to dominant discourses without being prevented from understanding or expressing their own social experiences. I suggest that a gap in dominant hermeneutical resources is ambiguous between two kinds of unknowing: hermeneutical injustice suffered by members of marginalized groups, and epistemically and ethically blameworthy ignorance perpetrated by members of dominant groups.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“However, as is well documented, oppression does not necessarily stifle a community's capacity for making sense of their particular social experiences; marginalized groups are not doomed to perceive their experiences of oppression 'through a glass darkly'.”
From Agency and authority: A differentiated model of hermeneutical power (2025) · cites this paper as Mason 2011
In the citing paper
“Indeed, as others in the hermeneutical injustice literature are quick to point out, they often develop novel concepts and terms for articulating aspects of social life that dominant frameworks are ill-equipped to map (Mason 2011 ;Dotson 2012 ;Medina 2012Medina , 2013 ) ).”
From Agency and authority: A differentiated model of hermeneutical power (2025) · cites this paper as Mason 2011
Citations
Cites
Epistemic Injustice: Power and the Ethics of Knowing
Fricker, M. (2007) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198237907.001.0001 · Cited by 9,198
Multiculturalism and the politics of recognition
Landesman, B. M. (1992) · Cited by 2,902
Mills, C. W. (2019) · Cornell University Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9781501764301 · Cited by 1,318
Categorically unequal: the American stratification system
(2008) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.45-4699 · Cited by 900
Blackness visible: essays on philosophy and race
(1999) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.36-5615 · Cited by 751
The Speculum of Ignorance: The Women's Health Movement and Epistemologies of Ignorance
Tuana, N. (2006) · Hypatia · doi:10.1111/j.1527-2001.2006.tb01110.x · Cited by 536
Race and Epistemologies of Ignorance
Medina, J. (2008) · The Journal of Speculative Philosophy · doi:10.2307/jspecphil.22.4.0313 · Cited by 421
In our time : memoir of a revolution
Brownmiller, S. (1999) · Cited by 414
The Speculum of Ignorance: The Women's Health Movement and Epistemologies of Ignorance
Tuana, N. (2006) · Hypatia · doi:10.1353/hyp.2006.0037 · Cited by 237
Powerlessness and Social Interpretation
Fricker, M. (2006) · Episteme · doi:10.3366/epi.2006.3.1-2.96 · Cited by 167
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 272
Joshi, H., & McKenna, R. (2024) · Philosophy and Phenomenological Research · doi:10.1111/phpr.13119 · Cited by 7
Tosas, M. R. (2025) · Medicine Health Care and Philosophy · doi:10.1007/s11019-025-10285-4 · Cited by 7
Lobo, C. (2022) · Nordic Wittgenstein Review · doi:10.15845/nwr.v11.3643 · Cited by 8
Epistemic injustice: complicity and promise in education
Nikolaidis, A. C., & Thompson, W. C. (2023) · Journal of Philosophy of Education · doi:10.1093/jopedu/qhad078 · Cited by 9
Racism and Epistemologies of Ignorance: Framing the French Case
Bessone, M. (2020) · Ethical Theory and Moral Practice · doi:10.1007/s10677-020-10112-0 · Cited by 7
Deception-Based Hermeneutical Injustice
Luzzi, F. (2021) · Episteme · doi:10.1017/epi.2021.7 · Cited by 7
Remembrance and Denial of Genocide: On the Interrelations of Testimonial and Hermeneutical Injustice
Altanian, M. (2021) · International Journal of Philosophical Studies · doi:10.1080/09672559.2021.1997397 · Cited by 7
Speak No Evil: Understanding Hermeneutical (In)justice
Beverley, J. (2020) · Episteme · doi:10.1017/epi.2020.40 · Cited by 7
Epistemic Domination and ‘Gender Identity Fraud’ Prosecutions
Lunau, R.-P. (2024) · Social Epistemology · doi:10.1080/02691728.2024.2362674 · Cited by 6
Kwok, C. (2026) · European Journal of Political Theory · doi:10.1177/14748851261438075 · Cited by 5
Epistemische Ungerechtigkeiten in und durch Algorithmen – ein Überblick
Kassar, N. E. (2022) · Zeitschrift für Praktische Philosophie · doi:10.22613/zfpp/9.1.11 · Cited by 6
Are Metaphors Ethically Bad Epistemic Practice? Epistemic Injustice at the Intersections
Sibbald, K. R. (2023) · Hypatia · doi:10.1017/hyp.2023.90 · Cited by 5
The harms of the internalized oppression worry
Dular, N., & Ward, M. (2024) · Journal of Social Philosophy · doi:10.1111/josp.12562 · Cited by 5
Haghiri‐Vijeh, R. (2024) · Nursing Philosophy · doi:10.1111/nup.70007 · Cited by 5
Racial Battle Fatigue, Epistemic Exploitation and Willful Ignorance
Applebaum, B. (2021) · doi:10.47925/76.4.060 · Cited by 5
van Hulst, B. M., Groen‐Blokhuis, M. M., de Ridder, B., & Dekkers, T. J. (2025) · Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1111/camh.70028 · Cited by 5
Epistemic injustice in a parenting support programme for refugees in Norway
Steen-Johnsen, T., & Skreland, L. L. (2023) · Families Relationships and Societies · doi:10.1332/204674321x16687031331255 · Cited by 4
Standpoint moral epistemology: the epistemic advantage thesis
Dular, N. (2023) · Philosophical Studies · doi:10.1007/s11098-023-02072-9 · Cited by 7
Community Arts, Decoloniality, and Epistemic Justice
Sonn, C. C., Agung-Igusti, R. P., Jayawardana, R. J., Quayle, A. F., & Keast, S. (2024) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009153720.025 · Cited by 4
Generative AI and Democratic Culture
Branford, J., Soulier, E., & Fichtner, L. (2025) · Philosophy & Technology · doi:10.1007/s13347-025-00953-x · Cited by 5
Whose life matters? A call for social work action in response to a global humanitarian crisis
Johnstone, M., Lee, E., & Bozcam, E. S. (2022) · International Social Work · doi:10.1177/00208728221137531 · Cited by 4
Willful testimonial injustice as a form of epistemic injustice
Hänel, H. C. (2024) · European Journal of Philosophy · doi:10.1111/ejop.12928 · Cited by 5
Trans experiences of epistemic recognition against the backdrop of the Finnish trans act reform
Heimonen, M., & Pantti, M. (2024) · European Journal of Cultural Studies · doi:10.1177/13675494241287934 · Cited by 6
Resources, Rules, and Oppression
Engelhardt, J. (2019) · Hypatia · doi:10.1111/hypa.12497 · Cited by 4
Un caso de injusticia hermenéutica: la vida de Donald Shirley en la película Green Book
Díaz, L. (2019) · Ciencia y Sociedad · doi:10.22206/cys.2019.v44i4.pp25-32 · Cited by 4
Binarism Grammatical Lacuna as an Ensemble of Diverse Epistemic Injustices
Carmona, C. (2022) · Social Epistemology · doi:10.1080/02691728.2022.2103473 · Cited by 4
How Open Science organizations generate epistemic oppression
Elliott, S., & Sterner, B. (2025) · European Journal for Philosophy of Science · doi:10.1007/s13194-025-00674-0 · Cited by 3
Calling trauma, elite capture, and hermeneutical injustice
Flores, C. (2025) · The Philosophical Quarterly · doi:10.1093/pq/pqaf076 · Cited by 3
Structural discrimination through ignorance: epistemic injustice, (social) norms, and disability
Cossette‐Lefebvre, H., & Zala, M. (2026) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-026-05517-w · Cited by 4
Epistemic Injustice, Social Studies, and Moral Sensitivity
Merzifonluoglu, S., & Hamarat, E. (2022) · Ethics and Education · doi:10.1080/17449642.2022.2153469 · Cited by 3
Tackling Hermeneutical Injustices in Gender-Affirming Healthcare
Clanchy, N. (2024) · Hypatia · doi:10.1017/hyp.2024.15 · Cited by 3
Ryan, S., Ribenfors, F., Mikulak, M., & Coles, D. (2024) · Sociology of Health & Illness · doi:10.1111/1467-9566.13855 · Cited by 3
Stop Calling It ‘Revenge Porn’. Hermeneutical Injustice in Image-Based Sexual Abuse
Viola, M., & Volta, E. (2025) · Social Epistemology · doi:10.1080/02691728.2025.2525238 · Cited by 3
Metaphors and hermeneutical resistance
Ney, M. (2022) · European Journal of Philosophy · doi:10.1111/ejop.12839 · Cited by 3
Hermeneutical Injustice and Bisexuality: Toward New Conceptual Tools
Boncompagni, A. (2024) · Hypatia · doi:10.1017/hyp.2024.28 · Cited by 3
Einleitung: Epistemische Ungerechtigkeiten
Hänel, H. C. (2022) · Zeitschrift für Praktische Philosophie · doi:10.22613/zfpp/9.1.5 · Cited by 7
En kristendomsform der ikke-troen hører til: Teologisk counter-conduct i dag
Wyller, T. (2022) · doi:10.23865/noasp.167.ch12 · Cited by 2
Listen! Micro-aggressions, Epistemic Injustice and Whose Minds are Being Coddled?
Applebaum, B. (2018) · Philosophy of education · doi:10.47925/74.190 · Cited by 3
Kang, N.-H. (2022) · Springer international handbooks of education · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-83122-6_9 · Cited by 3
Participatory and Community Arts
Christens, B. D. (2024) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009153720.023 · Cited by 2
Thiessen, S. (2025) · Canadian Public Administration · doi:10.1111/capa.70028 · Cited by 2
Can Frickerian Accounts of Epistemic Justice Promote Decoloniality?: A Critical Examination
Herr, R. S. (2025) · Episteme · doi:10.1017/epi.2025.10085 · Cited by 2
Affect, attention, and injustice: The injustice of Neglected Affect
Puddifoot, K. (2025) · Philosophical Psychology · doi:10.1080/09515089.2025.2588383 · Cited by 2
Knowledge and Conceptual Engineering
Simion, M., & Kelp, C. (2026) · doi:10.1093/9780198918059.001.0001 · Cited by 2
Translatability as a structural response to epistemic injustice
Vannini, A. (2026) · Philosophy of Translation · doi:10.1080/29984750.2026.2645782 · Cited by 2
Epistemic injustice through transformative learning
Fairbairn, F. (2023) · Journal of Philosophy of Education · doi:10.1093/jopedu/qhad082 · Cited by 2
Hermeneutical Injustice, Nonbinary Gender Identities and Category Invalidation
Porkkala, S. (2024) · Social Epistemology · doi:10.1080/02691728.2024.2403625 · Cited by 2
What Defines a Conceptual Resource?
Podosky, P. C. (2019) · Ergo an Open Access Journal of Philosophy · doi:10.3998/ergo.12405314.0006.006 · Cited by 2
On “epistemic injustice” and victimization in prisons
Stippel, J. A., Pérez, P., & Barrìa, M. (2023) · Revista Brasileira de Direito Processual Penal · doi:10.22197/rbdpp.v9i1.803 · Cited by 2
Schmidt, H. (2022) · doi:10.23865/noasp.167.ch11 · Cited by 2
Forms of Life and Linguistic Change: The Case of Trans Communities
Boncompagni, A. (2023) · Philosophies · doi:10.3390/philosophies8030050 · Cited by 2
Coville, M., & Lallet, M. (2023) · Genre sexualité & société · doi:10.4000/gss.8474 · Cited by 2
Baker, A. A. (2025) · Philosophy and Phenomenological Research · doi:10.1111/phpr.70038 · Cited by 3
Ritchie, K. (2025) · Synthese Library/Synthese library · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-98535-5_6 · Cited by 2
Schleef, F. G. (2024) · Legal Pluralism and Critical Social Analysis · doi:10.1080/27706869.2024.2328475 · Cited by 2
Breaking the silence : a phenomenological account of epistemic injustice and its role in psychiatry
Spencer, L. J. (2021) · Cited by 2
Fricker, M. (2015) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/obo/9780195396577-0274 · Cited by 2
Agency and authority: A differentiated model of hermeneutical power
Herissone-Kelly, R. (2025) · The Philosophical Quarterly · doi:10.1093/pq/pqaf044 · Cited by 1
Schotte, D. (2022) · Zeitschrift für Praktische Philosophie · doi:10.22613/zfpp/9.1.9 · Cited by 1
Avery, S., Schaubroeck, K., & Sterckx, S. (2025) · European Journal of Women s Studies · doi:10.1177/13505068251369333 · Cited by 1
Blunting concepts: The double-edged effect of popularizing psychotherapy language
Almagro, M., & Isern‐Mas, C. (2025) · Philosophical Psychology · doi:10.1080/09515089.2025.2573763 · Cited by 1
Weyland, A., Vernaudon, J., & Bogaert, B. (2025) · Éthique & Santé · doi:10.1016/j.etiqe.2025.10.004 · Cited by 1
Blocking meaning creation: impostor concepts and hermeneutical injustice
Delgado, L., & Picazo, C. M. (2026) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-025-05420-w · Cited by 1
Kustatscher, M., Hancock, J., Taylor, A., & Tisdall, E. K. M. (2026) · Global Studies of Childhood · doi:10.1177/20436106261421709 · Cited by 1
Hänel, H. C. (2023) · Constellations · doi:10.1111/1467-8675.12703 · Cited by 1
Catala, A. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197776353.003.0001 · Cited by 1
Epistemic Injustice in Medical Contexts
Spencer, L. J., Byrne, E. A., & Kidd, I. J. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-017-8706-2_92-1 · Cited by 1
Alleviating Epistemic Injustice in Environmental Health Research: Strategies from Science and Values
Elliott, K. C. (2025) · Topoi · doi:10.1007/s11245-025-10268-3 · Cited by 1
Epistemic Injustice in Medical Contexts
Spencer, L. J., Byrne, E. A., & Kidd, I. J. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-024-2252-8_92 · Cited by 1
Jardine, C., & Nugent, B. (2026) · Feminist Criminology · doi:10.1177/15570851261430343 · Cited by 1
Social and Applied Hinge Epistemology
Coliva, A. (2026) · doi:10.1093/9780197834022.001.0001 · Cited by 1
Testimoniar sometida a la injusticia hermenéutica. Daño sexual y discernimiento
Martínez-Sáez, C. (2022) · Quaderns de Filosofia · doi:10.7203/qfia.9.2.24238 · Cited by 1
Intra-Group Epistemic Injustice: Jewish Identity, Whiteness, and Zionism
Grabelsky, D. E. (2023) · Social Epistemology · doi:10.1080/02691728.2023.2245773 · Cited by 1
Kazankov, D., & Yi, E. (2024) · The Philosophical Quarterly · doi:10.1093/pq/pqae021 · Cited by 1
Midwifery and the Politicized Logic of “Sex-Based” Childbirth Discourse
Adams, S. L. (2025) · Alternatives Global Local Political · doi:10.1177/03043754251352598 · Cited by 1
EL GIRO INDIVIDUALISTA E IDEAL EN LA OBRA DE MIRANDA FRICKER: INJUSTICIA EPISTÉMICA E IGNORANCIA
Radi, B. (2025) · ENDOXA · doi:10.5944/endoxa.55.2025.31644 · Cited by 1
Shuster, D. J. (2012) · UST Research Online (University of St. Thomas - Minnesota) · Cited by 1
Realizing Wokeness -- White Schools, White Ignorance: Toward a Racially Responsive Pedagogy
Buck, B. (2020) · doi:10.7916/d8-gbm8-4v91 · Cited by 1
14. Problematizing the Rhetoric of Gift-Giving in Transplantation Narratives
Shaw, R. M. (2021) · Bioethik - Medizinethik · doi:10.14361/9783839446430-016 · Cited by 1
Kang, N.-H. (2021) · Springer international handbooks of education · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-37743-4_9-1 · Cited by 1
Motstand på kjøkkenet. Refleksjoner om å forske med mennesker
Rønsdal, K. S. (2022) · doi:10.23865/noasp.167.ch6 · Cited by 1
Kristent arbeid for døve som makt og motmakt i perioden 1930–1945
Lid, I. M. (2022) · doi:10.23865/noasp.167.ch10 · Cited by 3
Reading Between Worlds: Gendered Narratives in Fiction
Stamson, A. (2024) · Critical Gender Studies Journal (Revista Crítica de Estudios de Género). · doi:10.21659/cgsj.v1n1.03 · Cited by 1
A Relationship Focused Approach to Epistemic Injustice in Global Development Theory and Practice
Longair, H. (2017) · doi:10.22215/etd/2017-11895 · Cited by 1
Knowledge, Justice, and Subjects with Cognitive or Developmental Disability
Klausen, C. (2019) · UWSpace (University of Waterloo) · Cited by 1
RESPECT AND HEALTH CARE ETHICS: RESPECT, SOCIAL POWER AND HEALTH POLICY
Schwartz, M. C. (2011) · Library and Archives Canada (Government of Canada)
Belief and Ameliorative Epistemology
McWilliams, E. C. (2016) · Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University)
Cournoyea, M. (2018) · TSpace (University of Toronto)
Assymetric Epistemic Labor as Hermeneutical Injustice
Owens, M. F. (2022) · Digital Archive @ GSU · doi:10.57709/14946506
Die umkämpfte Grenze zwischen Liebe und Stalking
Dornenzweig, K. (2019) · Digitale Gesellschaft · doi:10.14361/9783839444399-007
Self-Understanding and Narrative Explanation
Keough, S. (2021) · Deep Blue (University of Michigan) · doi:10.7302/1502
Ayala, S. (2022) · Quaderns de Filosofia · doi:10.7203/qfia.9.2.22953
Is Transitology Relevant for Effective Gender Sensitive Conflict Transformation Practice in Africa?
Nhengu, D. (2022) · International Journal of Social Science and Human Research · doi:10.47191/ijsshr/v5-i12-54
Epistemische Ungerechtigkeiten zwischen Medizin und Technik: Neue Möglichkeiten oder neue Probleme?
Hänel, H. C. (2023) · Techno:Phil · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-65868-0_5 · Cited by 1
Motmakt på pavestolen – fra Pius IX til Frans
Hafstad, K. (2022) · doi:10.23865/noasp.167.ch8
Barns deltakelse som en vilje til ikke å la seg styre
Grimsgaard, C. (2022) · doi:10.23865/noasp.167.ch3
Sykehjem, – praksis og motstand: Møte med migrasjon
Hillestad, A. H. (2022) · doi:10.23865/noasp.167.ch4
Metadata
- Authors
- Mason, R.
- Corresponding author
- Mason, Rebecca
- ORCID
- Mason, Rebecca
- Venue
- Hypatia
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2011
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 294-307
- ISSN
- 0887-5367 (ISSN-L)
- 1527-2001
- OpenAlex
- W2129213993
- Cited by
- 265
- References
- 13
- Citations by year
- 2026: 58 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 11.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Hypatia (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Feminist Epistemology and Gender Studies
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Hermeneutics and Narrative Identity
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Epistemology, Ethics, and Metaphysics
- Keywords
- hermeneutical injustice, Miranda Fricker, marginalized communities, ignorance, epistemic injustice, epistemic ignorance, social experience, epistemic practices
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review