Assessing Adolescents' Attachment Hierarchies: Differences Across Developmental Periods and Associations With Individual Adaptation: ADOLESCENT ATTACHMENT HIERACHIES
Open accessAbstract
Adolescents' attachment hierarchies were assessed in a sample of 212 high school and 198 college students. The Important People Interview (IPI) differentiated attachment bonds from other supportive or affiliative relationships and indicated that adolescents show a hierarchical ordering of preferences for multiple attachment figures. Differences in the composition and structure of adolescents' attachment hierarchies were found between the early high school (9(th) and 10(th) grades), later high school (11(th) and 12(th) grades), and college samples. In the college sample, romantic partners were placed in higher positions in adolescents' hierarchies, fathers were placed in lower positions, and the structure of adolescents' hierarchies were less differentiated than in the high school samples. Individual differences in the composition of adolescents' hierarchies were associated with adjustment outcomes. Friends' placement in higher positions and fathers' exclusion from or placement in quaternary positions was associated with increased behavior problems. Findings demonstrate that the IPI provides a measure of adolescents' attachment hierarchies that is sensitive to developmental stage and individual differences.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Mothers remain a primary attachment figure during adolescence and young adulthood.
“The finding that positive changes in the perceived quality of the attachment with mothers were related to a positive change in the self-esteem of both sons and daughters, indicates that mothers remain a primary attachment figure during adolescence and young adulthood (Rosenthal and Kobak 2010).”
From Perceived Quality of the Mother–Adolescent and Father–Adolescent Attachment Relationship and Adolescents’ Self-Esteem (2019) · cites this paper as Rosenthal and Kobak 2010
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Attachment and Loss. Vol. 1. Attachment
Rever, G. W. (1972) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-197211000-00011 · Cited by 8,446 · cited 6× · see citing works
“N IH -PA Author M anuscript N IH -PA Author M anuscript N IH -PA Author M anuscript order of preference for whom they would seek out when the attachment system is activated (Bowlby, 1969/1982).”
BackgroundInfluentialAinsworth, M. S. (1989) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.44.4.709 · Cited by 3,231 · see citing works
Fraley, R. C., & Shaver, P. R. (2000) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/1089-2680.4.2.132 · Cited by 1,601 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 38
- Ainsworth MDS Infancy in Uganda: Infant care and the growth of love 1967 Baltimore Johns Hopkins Press
- Allen JP Manning N Scharf M Ofra Mayseless From safety to affect regulation: Attachment from the vantage point of adolescence New Directions in Child Development: Adolescent Attachment 2007 New York Jossey-Bass PMC3385858 17876787
- Baker RW Siryk B Measuring adjustment to college Journal of Counseling Psychology 1984 31 179 189
- Boyce WT Essex MJ Alkon A Goldsmith HH Kraemer HC Kupfer DJ Early father involvement moderates biobehavioral susceptibility to mental health problems in middle childhood Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 2006 45 1510 1520 17135997
- Brennan KA Clark CL Shaver PR Simpson JA Rhodes WS Self-report measurement of adult attachment: An integrative overview Attachment Theory and Close Relationships 1998 New York Guilford Press 46 76
- Bronfenbrenner U Response to pressure from peers versus adults among Soviet and American school children International Journal of Psychology 1967 2 199 207
- Buehler C Gerard JM Marital conflict, ineffective parenting, and children's and adolescents' maladjustment Journal of Marriage and Family 2002 64 78 92
- Cassidy J Cassidy J The nature of the child’s ties Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical implications 1999 New York Guilford Press 3 20
- Colin VL Human Attachment 1996 New York McGraw Hill Book Company
- Connolly J Craig W Adele G Pepler D Mixed-gender groups, dating, and romantic relationships in early adolescence Journal of Research on Adolescence 2004 14 185 207
- Dishion TJ Nelson SE Bullock BM Premature adolescent autonomy: Parent disengagement and deviant peer process in the amplification of problem behavior Journal of Adolescence 2004 27 515 530 15475044
- Dornbusch SM Ritter PL Mont-Reynaud R Chen Z Family decision making and academic performance in a diverse high school population Journal of Adolescent Research 1990 5 143 160
- Ellis BJ Bates JE Dodge KA Fergusson DM Horwood LJ Pettit GS Does father absence place daughters at special risk for early sexual activity and teenage pregnancy? Child development 2003 74 801 821 12795391 PMC2764264
- Feeney JA Transfer of attachment from parents to romantic partners: Effects of individual and relationship variables Journal of Family Studies 2004 10 220 238
- Flouri E Buchanan A The role of father involvement in children's later mental health Journal of Adolescence 2003 26 63 78 12550822
- Freeman H Brown BB Primary attachment to parents and peers during adolescence: differences by attachment style Journal of Youth and Adolescence 2001 30 653 674
- Furman W Working models of friendships Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 2001 18 583 602 PMC2822392 20174459
- Furman W Buhrmester D Age and sex differences in perceptions of networks of personal relationships Child Development 1992 63 103 115 1551320
- Goldberg S Grusec JE Jenkins JM Confidence in protection: Arguments for a narrow definition of attachment Journal of Family Psychology 1999 13 475 483
- Hazan C Zeifman D Cassidy J Shaver PR Pair bonds as attachments: Evaluating the evidence Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical implications 1999 New York Guilford Press 3 20
- Howes C Cassidy J Shaver PR Attachment relationships in the context of multiple caregivers Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications 1999 New York Guilford Press 671 687
- Kobak R Rosenthal N Serwik A Kerns K Richardson R The attachment hierarchy in middle childhood: conceptual and methodological issues Attachment in Middle Childhood 2005 New York Guilford Press 71 88
- Kobak R Rosenthal NL Zajac K Madsen S Scharf M Ofra Mayseless Adolescent attachment hierarchies and the search for an adult pair bond New Directions in Child Development: Adolescent Attachment 2007 New York Jossey-Bass 17876788
- Lamb ME The role of the father in child development (3rd ed.) 1997 Hoboken, NJ John Wiley & Sons Inc.
- Markiewicz D Lawford H Doyle AB Haggart N Developmental differences in adolescents’ and young adults’ use of mothers, fathers, best friends, and romantic partners to fulfill attachment needs Journal of Youth and Adolescence 2006 35 127 140
- Mikulincer M Birnbaum G Woddis D Nachmias O Stress and accessibility of proximity-related thoughts: Exploring the normative and intraindividual components of attachment theory Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2000 78 509 523 10743877
- Mikulincer M Gillath O Shaver PR Activation of the attachment system in adulthood: Threat-related primes increase the accessibility of mental representations of attachment figures Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2002 83 881 895 12374442
- Mikulincer M Shaver PR Attachment in Adulthood: Structure, Dynamics, and Change 2007 New York The Guilford Press
- Murray C Johnston C Parenting in mothers with and without attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2006 115 52 61 16492095
- Montgomery MJ Sorell GT Love and dating experience in early and middle adolescence: Grade and gender comparisons Journal of Adolescence 1998 21 677 689 9971725
- Nickerson AB Nagle RJ Parent and peer attachment in late childhood and early adolescence Journal of Early Adolescence 2005 25 223 249
- Schaefer ES Children's reports of parental behavior: An inventory Child Development 1965 36 413 424 14300862
- Schludermann S Schludermann E A revised parental attitude research instrument (PARI) Q4: Methodological study Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied 1979 96 15 23
- Silverberg SB Steinberg L Adolescent autonomy, parent-adolescent conflict, and parental well-being Journal of Youth and Adolescence 1987 16 293 312 24277374
- Trinke SJ Bartholomew K Hierarchies of attachment relationships in young adulthood Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 1997 14 603 625
- Waters E Cummings EM A secure base from which to explore close relationships Child Development 2000 71 164 172 10836570
- Weiss RS Parks CM Stevenson-Hinde J Marris P The attachment bond in childhood and adulthood Attachment across the Life Cycle 1991 New York Tavistock/Routledge 66 76
- Yogman MW Kindlon D Earls F Father involvement and cognitive/behavioral outcomes of preterm infants Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 1995 34 58 66 7860458
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Keizer, R., Helmerhorst, K. O. W., & van Rijn-van Gelderen, L. (2019) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-019-01007-0 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Théorêt, V., Lapierre, A., Blais, M., & Hébert, M. (2022) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260520915547 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
- Authors
- Rosenthal, N. L., & Kobak, R.
- Affiliations
- University of Delaware (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kobak, Roger
- ORCID
- Kobak, Roger
- Venue
- Journal of Research on Adolescence
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2010-08-16
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 678-706
- ISSN
- 1050-8392 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3336158
- OpenAlex
- W1936091236
- Cited by
- 212
- References
- 3
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 4.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Research on Adolescence (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH059670)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Psychosocial Factors Impacting Youth
- Keywords
- adolescent attachment, developmental differences, high school students, university students, romantic partners, fathers, friends, behavioral problems, attachment bonds
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review