Cited by 193Franchising Strategies and PerformanceInternational Business and FDIEntrepreneurship Studies and Influences

An Examination of International Retail Franchising in Emerging Markets

Open access
Welsh, Dianne H. B., Alon, Ilan, Falbe, Cecilia M.·2006·Journal of Small Business Management

Abstract

There has been an urgent call from both the franchise industry and the academic community for research on world franchising markets, specifically in the retail sector. This article is an attempt to summarize the main research that has been conducted thus far on international retail franchising. The article begins with an overview of the development of the literature and then discusses the nature and scope of emerging markets, with particular reference to their impact on the stakeholders of international retail franchising. Next, the article develops a conceptual model relating international retail franchising to its stakeholders. Then, a review of the research is divided into the areas of emerging world market: Central and Eastern Europe, Mexico and South America, Asia, and other areas that include India, Kuwait, and South Africa. The article concludes by discussing the next step to developing a research base for further understanding of emerging markets in addition to the opportunities and challenges for retail franchising and future research.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1111/j.1540-627x.2006.00158.x

Cites

1 of 1 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • At the end of the 1990s and early 2000s, some literature reviews of IF were published.

    “At the end of the 1990s and the early 2000s, some literature reviews of IF were published (Doherty, 2007;Elango and Fried, 1997;Welsh et al., 2006;Young et al., 2000).”

    From A systematic review of international franchising (2021) · cites this paper as Welsh et al., 2006

  • Emerging markets offer franchisors opportunities: an unsaturated and liberalized market, a growing middle class that demands products and services meeting international quality standards, free-trade zones and relatively friendly business laws.

    “Welsh et al. (2006) argue that emerging markets offer franchisors a number of opportunities: an unsaturated and liberalized market, a growing middle class that demands products and services that meet international quality standards, free-trade zones and relatively friendly business laws.”

    From A systematic review of international franchising (2021) · cites this paper as Welsh et al., 2006

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 51

  1. Alon, Ilan and Ke Bian (2005), "Real Estate Franchising: The Case of Coldwell Banker Expansion into China," Business Horizons, 48 (3), 223-231.
  2. Alon, Ilan (2004), "Global Franchising and Development in Emerging and Transitioning Markets," Journal of Macromarketing, 24 (2), 156- 167.
  3. Alon, Ilan, Mark Toncar, and Lu Le (2002), "American Franchising Competitiveness in China," Journal of Global Competitiveness, 10 (1), 65-83.
  4. Alon, Ilan (2001). "International Franchising in China: An Interview with Kodak," Proceedings of the International Society of Franchising. Minneapolis, Minn.: University of St. Thomas Institute for Franchise Management.
  5. Alon, Ilan, and David I. McKee (1999). "Towards a Macro-Environmental Model of International Franchising," Multinational Business Review 7(1), 76-82.
  6. Anttonen, Noora, Mika Tuunanen, Ilan Alon (2005), "The International Business Environments of Franchising in Russia," Academy of Marketing Science Review, (5), 1-18.
  7. Arnold, David J., and John A. Quelch (1988). "New Strategies in Emerging Markets," Sloan Management Review 40(1), 7-20.
  8. Boyle, Emily (1999). "A Study of the Impact of Environment Uncertainty on Franchise Systems: The Case of Petrol Retailing in the UK," Journal of Consumer Marketing 16(2), 181-195.
  9. Brickley, James A. and Frederick Dark (1987). "The Choice of Organizational Form: The Case of Franchising," Journal of Financial Economics 18 (June): 401-420.
  10. Chan, Peng S., John K.S. Foo, George Quek, and Robert T. Justis (1994). "A Survey of Franchising in Singapore," Proceedings of the International Society of Franchising. Minneapolis, Minn.: University of St. Thomas Institute for Franchise Management.
  11. Chan, Peng S., and Robert T. Justis (1990). "Franchise Management in East Asia," Academy of Management Executive 4(2), 75-85.
  12. Chan, Peng S., and Robert T. Justis (1995). "Franchising in Indonesia," Proceedings of the International Society of Franchising. Minneapolis, Minn.: University of St. Thomas Institute for Franchise Management.
  13. Chiou, Jyh-Shen, Chia-Hung Hsieh and Ching-Hsien Yang (2004). "The Effect of Franchisors' Communication, Service Assistance, and Competitive Advantage on Franchisees' Intentions to Remain in the Franchise System." Journal of Small Business Management 42(1) 19-36.
  14. Christy, Ronald, and Sandra M. Haftel (1992). "Franchising Entry and Developmental Strategies in the Former Soviet Union," Proceedings of the International Society of Franchising. Minneapolis, Minn.: University of St. Thomas Institute for Franchise Management.
  15. Christy, Ronald, and Sandra M. Haftel (1993). "Pizza Hut in Moscow: Post-Coup System Development and Expansion," Proceedings of the International Society of Franchising. Minneapolis, Minn.: University of St. Thomas Institute for Franchise Management.
  16. Connell, John (1999). "Diversity in Large Firm International Franchise Strategy," Journal of Consumer Marketing 16(1), 86-95.
  17. Czinkota, Michael R., and Ilkka A. Ronkainen (1997). "International Business and Trade in the Next Decade: Report from a Delphi Study," Journal of International Business Studies 28(4), 827-844.
  18. Doherty, Anne Marie, and Barry Quinn (1999). "International Retail Franchising: An Agency Theory Perspective," International Journal of Retail and Distribution Management 27(6), 224-236.
  19. Elango, Balasubramanian, and Vance A. Fried (1997). "Franchise Research: A Literature Review and Synthesis," Journal of Small Business Management 35(3), 68-81.
  20. English, Wilke, and Chin Xau (1994). "Franchising in China: A Look at KFC and McDonald"s," Proceedings of the International Society of Franchising. Minneapolis, Minn.: University of St. Thomas Institute for Franchise Management.
  21. Etemad, Hamid; Richard W. Wright, and Leo Paul Dana (2001). "Symbiotic International Business Networks: Collaboration between Small and Large Firms," Thunderbird International Business Review 43(4), 281-301.
  22. Falbe, Cecilia M., and Dianne H.B. Welsh (1998). "NAFTA and Franchising: A Comparison of Franchisor Perceptions of Characteristics Associated with Franchisee Success and Failure in Canada, Mexico, and the United States," Journal of Business Venturing 13(2), 151-171.
  23. Friess, Steve (2001, April 18). "Despite Friction, Harsh Words, US-China Are Bound Together," USA Today 19(151), 8A.
  24. Goh, Mark, and Heng Lee (1996). "Local Franchising Development in Singapore," Franchising Research: An International Journal 1(3), 8-20.
  25. Grimaldi, Antonio (1992). "Franchising Opportunities in the Free Trade Zones of Developing Countries," Proceedings of the International Society of Franchising. Minneapolis, Minn.: University of St.
  26. Hadjimarcou, John, and John W. Barnes (1998). "Case Study: Strategic Alliances in International Franchising-the Entry of Silver Streak Restaurant Corporation into Mexico," Journal of Consumer Marketing 15(6), 598-607.
  27. Haueter, Edward. (1983). "Organizing for International Marketing," Vital Speeches of the Day, 49(20), 620-624.
  28. Hoffman, Richard and John Preble (2003) "Convert to Compete: Competitive Advantage through Conversion Franchising." Journal of Small Business Management, 41(2), 187-204.
  29. Josias, Allen, and Faye S. McIntyre (1995). "Franchising in Brazil," Proceedings of the International Society of Franchising. Minneapolis, Minn.: University of St. Thomas Institute for Franchise Management.
  30. Justis, Robert T., Warren Nielson, and Sang J. Yoo (1988). "Franchising in Asia," Proceedings of the International Society of Franchising. Minneapolis, Minn.: University of St. Thomas Institute for Franchise Management.
  31. Kaufmann, Patrick J. and Harvey Leibenstein (1988). "International Business Format Franchising and Retail Entrepreneurship: A Possible Source of Retail Know-How for Developing Countries," Journal of Development Planning 18, 165-179.
  32. Lafontaine, Francine, and Joanne Oxley (2000). "International Franchising: Evidence from US and Canadian Franchisors in Mexico," Proceedings of the International Society of Franchising. Minneapolis, Minn..: University of St. Thomas Institute for Franchise Management.
  33. Mathewson, G. Frank and Ralph Winter (1985). The Economics of Franchise Contracts," Journal of Law and Economics 28 (October): 503-526.
  34. McCosker, Colin F. (1996). "Franchising into Asia: An Overview of Selected Target Markets," Proceedings of the International Society of Franchising. Minneapolis, Minn.: University of St. Thomas Institute for Franchise Management.
  35. Milbank, Dana. (2001, April 21). "Protesters Disrupt Summit on Trade," Washington Post,124 (137), A1, A16.
  36. Norton, Seth W. (1988). "An Empirical Look at Franchising as an Organizational Form," Journal of Business 61 (2): 197-218.
  37. Paswan, Audhesh K., and Rajiv P. Dant (1995). "Franchising in India: An Introduction", Proceedings of the International Society of Franchising. Minneapolis, Minn.: University of St. Thomas Institute for Franchise Management.
  38. Pavlin, Igor (1998). "Franchising in Slovenia: Support to the Development of Franchise Systems in Central Europe," Proceedings of the International Society of Franchising. Minneapolis, Minn.: University of St.
  39. Pavlin, Igor (2000). "New Trends in Slovenian franchising," Proceedings of the International Society of Franchising. Minneapolis, Minn.: University of St. Thomas Institute for Franchise Management.
  40. Rubin, Paul (1978). "The Theory of the Firm and the Structure of the Franchise Contract," Journal of Law and Economics 21 (April): 223-233.
  41. Sanghavi, Nitin (1997). "Franchising as a Tool for SME Development in Transitional Economies: The Case of Central European Countries," Proceedings of the International Society of Franchising. Minneapolis, Minn.: University of St. Thomas Institute for Franchise Management.
  42. Scholtz, Gert J. (1996). "Franchising in South Africa," Proceedings of the International Society of Franchising. Minneapolis, Minn.: University of St. Thomas Institute for Franchise Management.
  43. Scholtz, Gert J. (1997). "An Overview of South African Franchising," Franchising Research: An International Journal 2 (4), 145-151.
  44. Swerdlow, Skip and Nicholas Bushamarin (1994). "Does Business Format Management Master Marxism in Post-Coup Russia? Franchise System Mentality Creeps into the Lodging Industry," Proceedings of the International Society of Franchising. Minneapolis, Minn.: University of St. Thomas Institute for Franchise Management.
  45. Swerdlow, Skip and Dianne H.B. Welsh (1992). "The Future of Franchising in the U.S.S.R.: A Statistical Analysis of the Opinions of Soviet University Students," Proceedings of the International Society of Franchising. Minneapolis, Minn.: University of St.
  46. Welch, Lawrence S. (1989). "Diffusion of Franchise Systems Use in International Operations," International Marketing Review 6(5), 7- 19.
  47. Welsh, Dianne H.B. and Cecilia M. Falbe (2001). "Multiple Uses of the Internet in Franchising," Symposium presented at the 15 th Conference of the International Society of Franchising, Las Vegas, Nev.
  48. Welsh, Dianne H.B., Peter Raven, and Faisel Al-Bisher (1996). "The Case of the Elegant Shoplifter, Shuwaikh, Kuwait," Franchising Research: An International Journal 11(3), 43-45.
  49. Welsh, Dianne H.B., and Skip Swerdlow (1991). "Opportunities and Challenges for Franchisors in the U.S.S.R.: Preliminary Results of a Survey of Soviet University Students," Proceedings of the International Society of Franchising. Minneapolis, Minn.: University of St. Thomas Institute for Franchise Management
  50. Welsh, Dianne H.B., and Skip Swerdlow (1993). "A Cross-Cultural Study of American and Russian Hotel Employees: A Preliminary Review and Its Implications for Franchisors," Proceedings of the International Society of Franchising. Minneapolis, Minn.: University of St. Thomas Institute for Franchise Management.
  51. Willems, Jo, Wilke English, and Victor Ito (1992). "Pizzas in Mexico? Si!," Proceedings of the International Society of Franchising. Minneapolis, Minn.: University of St. Thomas Institute for Franchise Management Young, Joyce A., Faye S. McIntryre, and Robert D. Green (2000). "The International Society of Franchising Proceedings: A Thirteen-Year Review," Proceedings of the International Society of Franchising. Minneapolis, Minn.: University of St. Thomas Institute for Franchise 1992 Pizzas in Mexico? Si! Willems, English, and Ito 1992 Franchising entry and developmental strategies in Christy and Haftel the former Soviet Union 1993 Pizza Hut in Moscow: Christy and Haftel Post-coup system development and expansion 1993 A cross cultural study of American and Russian hotel employees: Welsh and A preliminary review and its implications for franchisors Swerdlow 1994 A survey of franchising in Singapore Chan, Foo, Quek, and Justis 1994 Franchising in China: A look at KFC and McDonald"s English and Xau 1994 Does business format management master Marxism Swerdlow and in post-coup Russia? Bushmarin 1995 Franchising in Brazil Josias and McIntryre 1995 Franchising in India: An introduction Paswan and Dant Year Title Author(s) 1995 Franchising in Indonesia Chan and Justis 1996 Franchising in South Africa Scholtz 1996 Franchising into Asia: An overview of selected target markets McCosker 1996 Local franchising development in Singapore Goh and Lee 1996 The case of the elegant shoplifter, Shuwaikh, Kuwait Welsh, Raven, and Al-Bisher 1997 Franchising as a tool for SME development in transitional economies: Sanghavi The case of Central European countries 1997 An overview of South African franchising Scholtz 1998 NAFTA and franchising: A comparison of franchisor perceptions Falbe and Welsh of characteristics associated with franchisee success and failure in Canada, Mexico, and the United States 1998 Franchising in Slovenia: Pavlin Support to the development of franchise systems in Central Europe 1998 Case Study: Strategic alliances in international franchising-the entry Hadjimarcou and of Silver Streak Restaurant Corporation into Mexico Barnes 2000 New trends in Slovenian franchising Pavlin 2000 International franchising: Evidence from US and Canadian Lafontaine and franchisors in Mexico Oxley 2001 International Franchising in China: An Interview with Kodak Alon 2002 American Franchising Competitiveness in China

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Welsh, D. H. B., Alon, I., & Falbe, C. M.
Affiliations
  • University of Tampa (US)
  • Rollins College (US)
  • Albany State University (US)
Venue
Journal of Small Business Management
Published
2006-01
Volume
44
Issue
1
Pages
130-149
ISSN
  • 0047-2778 (ISSN-L)
  • 1540-627X
OpenAlex
W2113330981
Cited by
193
References
1
Citations by year
2025: 2 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 13
FWCI
33.91
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Journal of Small Business Management (publishedVersion)
  • NC Digital Online Collection of Knowledge and Scholarship (The University of North Carolina at Greensboro) (submittedVersion)
  • RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Franchising Strategies and Performance
  • Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › International Business and FDI
  • Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Management of Technology and Innovation › Entrepreneurship Studies and Influences
Keywords
emerging markets, conceptual model, Central and Eastern Europe, Mexico, South America, Asia, India, Kuwait, South Africa

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review