Cited by 111Cardiac Arrhythmias and TreatmentsCardiac electrophysiology and arrhythmiasAtrial Fibrillation Management and Outcomes

Atrial Flutter Mapping and Ablation I: Studying Atrial Flutter Mechanisms by Mapping and Entrainment

COSIO, FRANCISCO G., ARRIBAS, FERNANDO, LÓPEZ‐GIL, MARÍA, PALACIOS, JOSÉ·1996·Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology

Abstract

Endocardial mapping has led to a detailed knowledge of reentry mechanisms in atrial flutter. Multipolar and deflecting tip catheters allow recording local electrograms from multiple areas of the right atrium, and from the coronary sinus. In common flutter, with the typical "sawtooth" pattern, there is circular activation of the right atrium in a "counterclockwise" direction, descending in the anterior and lateral walls, and ascending in the septum and posterior wall. Superior and inferior vena cava, linked by a "line" of functional block in the posterolateral wall, make the central obstacle for circular activation. The cranial and caudal turning points are the atrial "roof," and the isthmus between the inferior vena cava and the tricuspid valve. Complex conduction patterns, probably including slow conduction are detectable in the low septal area, around the coronary sinus. Atypical flutter, without the sharp negative deflections of common flutter, sometimes shows circular activation in the right atrium, rotating in the opposite direction of common flutter (clockwise). Other atypical flutters show no circular right atrial activation, and only partial data from coronary sinus activation, combined with the response to atrial stimulation (entrainment) allow the diagnosis of left atrial reentry, without a precise delimitation of the circuits. In patients having undergone cardiac surgery, atypical flutter may be based on reentry around surgical scars. To our knowledge, the mechanism of type II flutter has not been disclosed in humans.

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Crossref · 10.1111/j.1540-8159.1996.tb03368.x

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Authors
COSIO, F. G., ARRIBAS, F., LÓPEZ‐GIL, M., & PALACIOS, J.
Affiliations
Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre (ES)
Venue
Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology
Publisher
Wiley
Published
1996-05
Volume
19
Issue
5
Pages
841-853
ISSN
  • 0147-8389 (ISSN-L)
  • 1540-8159
OpenAlex
W1573969966
Cited by
111
References
37
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 1 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 6
FWCI
2.80
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac Arrhythmias and Treatments
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac electrophysiology and arrhythmias
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Atrial Fibrillation Management and Outcomes
Keywords
atrial flutter, endocardial mapping, catheter ablation, reentry mechanism, coronary sinus electrogram, inferior vena cava, atrial stimulation
MeSH terms
Atrial Flutter, Cicatrix, Coronary Vessels, Electrocardiography, Heart Atria, Heart Septum, Cardiac Surgical Procedures, Humans, Cardiomyopathies, Neural Conduction, Tricuspid Valve, Vena Cava, Inferior, Vena Cava, Superior, Catheter Ablation, Body Surface Potential Mapping

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