Persistent Atrial Flutter in Patients Treated for Atrial Fibrillation with Amiodarone and Propafenone: Electrophysiologic Characteristics, Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation, and Risk Prediction
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Antiarrhythmic drugs have been reported to promote the conversion of atrial fibrillation to atrial flutter in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. However, information about the electrophysiologic mechanism and response to radiofrequency ablation of these drug-induced atrial flutters is limited. Furthermore, the determinants of the development of persistent atrial flutter in patients treated for atrial fibrillation with antiarrhythmic drugs are still unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS: Among the 136 patients treated for atrial fibrillation with amiodarone (n = 96) or propafenone (n = 40), 15 (11%, mean age 65.5 +/- 12.3 years) were identified to have subsequent development of persistent atrial flutter based on surface ECG characteristics during antiarrhythmic drug treatment. The mean interval between the beginning of drug treatment and the onset of atrial flutter was 5.0 +/- 5.5 months. Intracardiac mapping and entrainment studies revealed that 11 patients had counterclockwise typical atrial flutter, and 4 had clockwise typical atrial flutter. All 15 patients underwent successful ablation with creation of complete bidirectional isthmus conduction block. After a mean follow-up of 12.3 +/- 4.2 months, 14 (93%) of 15 patients who underwent successful ablation and continued taking antiarrhythmic drugs have remained in sinus rhythm. Univariate analysis of clinical variables demonstrated that only atrial enlargement was significantly related to the occurrence of persistent atrial flutter. CONCLUSION: In patients with atrial fibrillation, persistent typical atrial flutter might occur during antiarrhythmic drug treatment, and atrial enlargement was a risk factor for the development of such an arrhythmia. Radiofrequency ablation and continuation of pharmacologic therapy offered a safe and effective means of achieving and maintaining sinus rhythm.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Combining cavotricuspid isthmus ablation and antiarrhythmic drugs may lead to improved rhythm control without the need for left atrial ablation in patients who develop 'drug-induced atrial flutter' on therapy with flecainide, propafenone, or amiodarone.
“Combining cavotricuspid isthmus ablation and antiarrhythmic drugs may lead to improved rhythm control without the need for left atrial ablation in patients who develop 'drug-induced atrial flutter' on therapy with flecainide, propafenone, or amiodarone, [834][835][836]”
From 2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS (2016) · cites this paper as [835]
Cites
Cox, J. L., Canavan, T. E., Schuessler, R. B., CAIN, M. E., Lindsay, B. D., Stone, C. M., Smith, P. K., Corr, P. B., & Boineau, J. P. (1991) · PubMed · Cited by 682 · see citing works
Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation of Atrial Flutter
Poty, H., Saoudi, N. C., Nair, M., Anselme, F., & Letac, B. (1996) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.94.12.3204 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
Ortiz, J., Niwano, S., Abe, H., Rudy, Y., Johnson, N. J., & Waldo, A. L. (1994) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/01.res.74.5.882 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Schwartzman, D., Callans, D. J., Gottlieb, C. D., Dillon, S. M., Movsowitz, C., & Marchlinski, F. E. (1996) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(96)00345-2 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Garrey, W. E. (1924) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.1924.4.2.215 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
TAI, C., CHEN, S., Chiang, C., Lee, S., Wen, Z., Huang, J., Chen, Y., Yu, W., EENG, A., LIN, Y., et al. (1998) · Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1540-8167.1998.tb00892.x · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Risk of Atrial Fibrillation Following Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation of Atrial Flutter
Philippon, F., Plumb, V. J., Epstein, A. E., & Kay, G. N. (1995) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.92.3.430 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Huang, D. T.-C., Monahan, K. M., ZIMETBAUM, P. J., PAPAGEORGIOU, P., MEpstein, L., & Josephson, M. E. (1998) · Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1540-8167.1998.tb01837.x · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Possible atrial proarrhythmic effects of class 1C antiarrhythmic drugs
Feld, G. K., Chen, P., NICOD, P. H., FLECK, R. P., & Meyer, D. (1990) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/0002-9149(90)90856-v · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Relationship Between Atrial Fibrillation and Typical Atrial Flutter in Humans
Roithinger, F. X., KARCH, M. R., Steiner, P. R., Sippensgroenewegen, A., & Lesh, M. D. (1997) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.96.10.3484 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Atrial flutter in patients treated for atrial fibrillation with propafenone
Murdock, C. J., Kyles, A. E., Yeung-Lai-Wah, J. A., Qi, A., Vorderbrugge, S., & Kerr, C. R. (1990) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/0002-9149(90)91144-u · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Chen, S., Chiang, C., Wu, T.-J., TAI, C., Lee, S.-H., Cheng, C., Chiou, C.-W., Ueng, K.-C., Wen, Z., & Chang, M.-S. (1996) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/0735-1097(95)00565-x · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Self-citationSpontaneous onset of type I atrial flutter in patients
Waldo, A. L., & Cooper, T. B. (1996) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/0735-1097(96)00223-9 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Tai, C., Chen, S., Chiang, C., Lee, S., Ueng, K.-C., Wen, Z., Huang, J., Chen, Y., YU, W., Feng, A.-N., et al. (1997) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.96.8.2601 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Self-citationResults of radiofrequency catheter ablation for atrial flutter
Saxon, L. A., Kalman, J. M., Olgin, J. E., Scheinman, M. M., Lee, R. J., & Lesh, M. D. (1996) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9149(97)89162-x · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Electropharmacologic Effects of Class I and Class III Antiarrhythmia Drugs on Typical Atrial Flutter
Tai, C. T., Chen, S., Feng, A.-N., Yu, W., Chen, Y., & Chang, M.-S. (1998) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.97.19.1935 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Self-citationThe results of atrial flutter ablation in patients with and without a history of atrial fibrillation
Movsowitz, C., Callons, D. J., SCHWARTZMAN, D. S., Gottlieb, C. D., & Marchlinski, F. E. (1996) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9149(96)00233-0 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Polymorphic ventricular tachycardia induced by programmed stimulation: Response to procainamide
Buxton, A. E., Josephson, M. E., Marchlinski, F. E., & Miller, J. M. (1993) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/0735-1097(93)90721-c · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Cibenzoline transforms random re-entry into ordered re-entry in the atria
Brugada, J., GURSOY, S., Brugada, P., Atié, J., Guiraudon, G. M., & Andries, E. (1993) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/14.2.267 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Atrial Flutter: Advances in Mechanisms and Management (review)
Arnsdorf, M. F. (1997) · Perspectives in biology and medicine · doi:10.1353/pbm.1997.0071 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Pagé, P., Hassanalizadeh, H., & Cardinal, R. (1991) · Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1139/y91-003 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Atrial flutter during quinidine therapy of atrial fibrillation
Cheng, T. O. (1956) · American Heart Journal · doi:10.1016/0002-8703(56)90265-4 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS
Kirchhof, P. F., Benussi, S., Kotecha, D., Ahlsson, A., Atar, D., Casadei, B., Castellà, M., Diener, H., Heidbüchel, H., Hendriks, J., et al. (2016) · EP Europace · doi:10.1093/europace/euw295 · Cited by 6,438 · see citing works
2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS
Kirchhof, P., Benussi, S., Kotecha, D., Ahlsson, A., Atar, D., Casadei, B., Castella, M., Diener, H.-C., Heidbuchel, H., Hendriks, J., et al. (2016) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehw210 · Cited by 6,418 · see citing works
2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS
Kirchhof, P., Benussi, S., Kotecha, D., Ahlsson, A., Atar, D., Casadei, B., Castella, M., Diener, H.-C., Heidbuchel, H., Hendriks, J., et al. (2016) · European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery · doi:10.1093/ejcts/ezw313 · Cited by 1,403 · see citing works
Blomstrom-Lundqvist (2003) · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000091380.04100.84 · Cited by 955 · see citing works
Blomström‐Lundqvist, C., Scheinman, M. M., Aliot, E., Alpert, J. S., Calkins, H. G., Camm, A. J., Campbell, W. B., Haines, D. E., Kück, K., Lerman, B. B., et al. (2003) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2003.08.013 · Cited by 681 · see citing works
Long-Term Outcomes After Catheter Ablation of Cavo-Tricuspid Isthmus Dependent Atrial Flutter
Pérez, F. J., Schubert, C. M., Parvez, B., Pathak, V., Ellenbogen, K. A., & Wood, M. A. (2009) · Circulation Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology · doi:10.1161/circep.109.871665 · Cited by 301 · see citing works
Blomström‐Lundqvist, C., Scheinman, M. M., Aliot, E., Alpert, J. S., Calkins, H., Camm, A. J., Campbell, W. B., Haines, D. E., Kück, K., Lerman, B. B., et al. (2003) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1016/j.ehj.2003.08.002 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
Catheter Ablation of Supraventricular Arrhythmias:
Morady, F. (2004) · Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology · doi:10.1046/j.1540-8167.2004.03516.x · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Drug-Induced Atrial Fibrillation
Kaakeh, Y., Overholser, B. R., Lopshire, J. C., & Tisdale, J. E. (2012) · Drugs · doi:10.2165/11633140-000000000-00000 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Atrial flutter: A review of its history, mechanisms, clinical features, and current therapy
LEE, K., Yang, Y., & Scheinman, M. M. (2005) · Current Problems in Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2004.07.001 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Stabile, G., De Simone, A., Turco, P., La Rocca, V., Nocerino, P., Astarita, C., Maresca, F., De Matteis, C., Di Napoli, T., Stabile, E., et al. (2001) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(01)01214-1 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Catheter Ablation of Supraventricular Arrhythmias:
Morady, F. (2004) · Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1540-8159.2004.00401.x · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Mechanism of conversion of atypical right atrial flutter to atrial fibrillation
Yang, Y., Mangat, I., Glatter, K. A., Cheng, J., & Scheinman, M. M. (2003) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9149(02)02996-x · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Bertaglia, E., Bonso, A., Zoppo, F., Proclemer, A., Verlato, R., Corò, L., Mantovan, R., Themistoclakis, S., Raviele, A., Pascotto, P., et al. (2004) · Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1540-8159.2004.00668.x · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Management of Atrial Fibrillation in COVID-19 Pandemic
Hu, Y., Cheng, W., Hung, Y., Lin, W., Chao, T., Liao, J., Lin, Y., Lin, W., Chen, Y., & Chen, S. (2020) · Circulation Journal · doi:10.1253/circj.cj-20-0566 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationBottoni, N., Donateo, P., Quartieri, F., Tomasi, C., Oddone, D., Lolli, G., Menozzi, C., & Brignole, M. (2004) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2004.04.069 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Incidence and predictive factors of atrial fibrillation after ablation of typical atrial flutter
Laurent, V., Fauchier, L., Pierre, B., Grimard, C., & Babuty, D. (2008) · Journal of Interventional Cardiac Electrophysiology · doi:10.1007/s10840-008-9323-1 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Drug-induced atrial fibrillation. A narrative review of a forgotten adverse effect
Tamargo, J. L., Pérez‐Villacastín, J., Caballero, R., & Delpón, E. (2024) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107077 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Catheter Ablation for Cardiac Arrhythmias
Calkins, H. G. (2001) · Medical Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0025-7125(05)70323-0 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Pills and Pulses”: Hybrid Therapy for Atrial Fibrillation
MURGATROYD, F. D. (2002) · Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1540-8167.2002.tb01952.x · Cited by 17 · see citing works
DIXIT, S., LAVI, N., ROBINSON, M., RILEY, M. P., CALLANS, D. J., MARCHLINSKI, F. E., & LIN, D. (2011) · Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1540-8167.2010.01917.x · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Fatemi, M., Mansourati, J., Roşu, R., & Blanc, J. (2004) · Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology · doi:10.1046/j.1540-8167.2004.04278.x · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Pharmacological and ablative hybrid therapy of atrial fibrillation
Bielik, H., SCHRICKEL, J. W., Борисович, Ш. Н., Yang, A., SCHWAB, J. O., BITZEN, A., Lüderitz, B., & Lewalter, T. (2005) · Zeitschrift für Kardiologie · doi:10.1007/s00392-005-0263-9 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Ohmura, K., Kobayashi, Y., Miyauchi, Y., Endoh, Y., Atarashi, H., Katoh, T., & Takano, T. (2003) · Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology · doi:10.1046/j.1460-9592.2003.00119.x · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Percutaneous Catheter Ablation Procedures for the Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation
Magnano, A. R., Woollett, I. F., & Garan, H. (2004) · Journal of Cardiac Surgery · doi:10.1111/j.0886-0440.2004.04035.x · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Atrial Fibrillation-The Final Frontier
Govindan, M., Savelieva, I., Catanchin, A., & Camm, A. J. (2010) · Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics · doi:10.1177/1074248410371947 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Hirao, K., Okishige, K., Yamamoto, N., Otomo, K., Azegami, K., & Isobe, M. (2005) · Clinical Cardiology · doi:10.1002/clc.4960280707 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
TAI, C., Lin, Y., LAN, F., CHEN, H., Ding, Y., Chang, M.-S., & Chen, S.-A. (2003) · Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1540-8159.2003.00354.x · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationGarg, A. K., & Feld, G. K. (2001) · Current Treatment Options in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11936-001-0090-x · Cited by 6 · see citing works
New Approaches for the Management of Atrial Fibrillation:
Feld, G. K. (1999) · Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1540-8167.1999.tb00294.x · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Kongsgaard, E., & Aass, H. (2000) · Current Cardiology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11886-000-0087-1 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Govindan, M., Catanchin, A., & Camm, A. J. (2008) · Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology · doi:10.1097/fjc.0b013e3181799677 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Alpert, J. S., Antman, E. M., Smith, S. C., Faxon, D. P., Fuster, V., Gibbons, R. J., Gregoratos, G., Hiratzka, L. F., Hunt, S. A., Jacobs, A. K., et al. (2003) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Drug-induced atrial fibrillation associated with admission of cardiovascular medications
Ostroumova, O. D., Сергеевна, Ч. М., Komarovа, A. G., Вартановна, Г. С., & Sychev, D. A. (2020) · Siberian medical review · doi:10.20333/2500136-2020-6-5-13 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The Effects of a Bidirectional Cavo-Tricuspid Isthmus Block in Persistent Atrial Fibrillation
Kim, J., Choi, S., Joung, B., Lee, M., & Kim, S. S. (2011) · Yonsei Medical Journal · doi:10.3349/ymj.2012.53.1.76 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Positive inotropic drugs and drugs used in dysrhythmias
Aronson, J. K. (2001) · Side effects of drugs annual · doi:10.1016/s0378-6080(01)80022-2 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Hybrid pharmacological and ablative therapy for the management of symptomatic atrial fibrillation.
Kimman, G. P., Szili‐Törok, T., Nieuwdorp, M., Theuns, D. A. M. J., SCHOLTEN, M. F., & Jordaens, L. J. L. M. (2002) · PubMed Central · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Hybrid theraphy for atrial fibrillation
Geelen, P. (2000) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1053/euhj.1999.1976 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The Management of Atrial Flutter
Rho, R. W., & Callans, D. J. (2002) · Contemporary cardiology · doi:10.1007/978-1-59259-090-2_9
Bielik, H., Yang, A., Schwab, J. O., SCHRICKEL, J. W., BITZEN, A., Balta, O., Held, S., L�deritz, B., & Lewalter, T. (2003) · Herzschrittmachertherapie + Elektrophysiologie · doi:10.1007/s00399-003-0370-0
Pürerfellner, H. (2004) · Journal für Kardiologie (Krause & Pachernegg GmbH)
Kim, U., Kim, Y. J., Kang, S., Song, I. W., Jo, J. H., Lee, S. H., Hong, G., Park, J., & Shin, D. G. (2007) · Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science · doi:10.12701/yujm.2007.24.2.197
Self-citationATRIAL FLUTTER: CONTEMPORARY POSSIBILITIES OF DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT
Bunin, Y. А. (2011) · Rational Pharmacotherapy in Cardiology · doi:10.20996/1819-6446-2011-7-1-57-64
心房細動における薬物および非薬物併用療法, いわゆるHybrid Therapyについて
義典, 小. (2000) · Journal of Nippon Medical School · doi:10.1272/jnms.67.156
Guias de ablacion de arritmias cardiacas de la Federacion Argentina de Cardiologia
Keegan, R. O., Aguinaga, L., Secchi, J., Pozzer, D. L., Valentino, M., Femenía, F., Río, A. D., Feo, M. D., Bravo, A., & Martellotto, A. (2012)
第15回臨床不整脈研究会 Pulmonary vein tachycardiaが心房細動の発生および心房粗動から細動への移行に関与した発作性心房細動の1例
康之, 佐., 俊夫, 笠., 済, 高., & 米沢, 孝. (2003) · 心臓 · doi:10.11281/shinzo1969.35.supplement4_30
Drugs and Ablation in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation and Heart Failure
Bonso, A., Rossillo, A., Valente, R., & Raviele, A. (2003) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-88-470-2087-0_4
Drug-Induced Atrial Fibrillation / Atrial Flutter
Ostroumova, O. D., Сергеевна, Ч. М., Кочетков, А. И., Vorobieva, A. E., Bakhteeva, D. I., Korchagina, S. P., Bondarets, O. V., Boyko, N. D., & Sychev, D. A. (2022) · Rational Pharmacotherapy in Cardiology · doi:10.20996/1819-6446-2021-12-11
(2006) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b0-44-451005-2/01381-4
(2006) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b0-44-451005-2/01367-x
Joglar, J. A., & Page, R. L. (2000) · Cardiac Electrophysiology Review · doi:10.1023/a:1026559902489
(2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-53717-1.01350-0
(2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-53717-1.00274-2
Vorhofflimmern — Vorhofflattern
Lewalter, T., Lickfett, L., Yang, A., & Lüderitz, B. (2006) · Steinkopff eBooks · doi:10.1007/3-7985-1632-4_6
(2009) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-53268-8.50006-5
Class IC/Amiodarone Atrial Flutter: What Are the Long-Term Results of Radiofrequency Ablation?
Bonso, A., Rossillo, A., Themistoclakis, S., GASPARINI, G., Corrado, A., & Raviele, A. (2002) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-88-470-2103-7_46
- Authors
- TAI, C., CHIANG, C., LEE, S., CHEN, Y., YU, W., FENG, A., DING, Y., CHANG, M., & CHEN, S.
- Affiliations
- Taipei Veterans General Hospital (TW)
- Shin Kong WHS Memorial Hospital (TW)
- Corresponding author
- TAI, CHING‐TAI
- Venue
- Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1999-09
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1180-1187
- ISSN
- 1045-3873 (ISSN-L)
- 1540-8167
- OpenAlex
- W1984529213
- Cited by
- 60
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2024: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 1 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 2 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 3.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac Arrhythmias and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Atrial Fibrillation Management and Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac electrophysiology and arrhythmias
- Keywords
- atrial fibrillation, amiodarone, propafenone, antiarrhythmic drugs, radiofrequency ablation, atrial enlargement, risk factors, sinus rhythm maintenance
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Amiodarone, Anti-Arrhythmia Agents, Atrial Fibrillation, Atrial Flutter, Electrocardiography, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Propafenone
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
