Megaphylogeny, Cell Body Plans, Adaptive Zones: Causes and Timing of Eukaryote Basal Radiations1
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ABSTRACT.I discuss eukaryote megaphylogeny and the timing of major innovations in the light of multigene trees and the rarity of marine/freshwater evolutionary transitions. The first eukaryotes were aerobic phagotrophs, probably substratum‐associated heterotrophic amoeboflagellates. The primary eukaryote bifurcation generated unikonts (ancestrally probably unicentriolar, with a conical microtubular [MT] cytoskeleton) and bikonts (ciliary transformation from anterior cilium to ancestrally gliding posterior cilium; cytoskeleton of ventral MT bands). Unikonts diverged into Amoebozoa with anterior cilia, lost when lobosan broad pseudopods evolved for locomotion, and Choanozoa with posterior cilium and filose pseudopods that became unbranched tentacles/microvilli in holozoa and eventually the choanoflagellate/choanocyte collar. Of choanozoan ancestry, animals evolved epithelia, fibroblasts, eggs, and sperm. Fungi and Ichthyosporea evolved walls. Bikonts, ancestrally with ventral grooves, include three adaptively divergent megagroups: Rhizaria (Retaria and Cercozoa, ancestrally reticulofilose soft‐surfaced gliding amoeboflagellates), and the originally planktonic Excavata, and the corticates (Plantae and chromalveolates) that suppressed pseudopodia. Excavata evolved cilia‐generated feeding currents for grooval ingestion; corticates evolved cortical alveoli and ciliary hairs. Symbiogenetic origin and transfers of chloroplasts stimulated an explosive radiation of corticates—hard to resolve on multigene trees—and opisthokonts, and ensuing Cambrian explosions of animals and protists. Plantae lost phagotrophy and multiply evolved walls and macroalgae. Apusozoa, with dorsal pellicle and ventral pseudopods, are probably the most divergent bikonts or related to opisthokonts. Eukaryotes probably originated 800–850 My ago. Amoebozoa, Apusozoa, Loukozoa, and Metamonada may be the only extant eukaryote phyla pre‐dating Neoproterozoic snowball earth. New subphyla are established for Choanozoa and Loukozoa; Amoebozoa are divided into three revised subphyla, with Variosea transferred into Conosa.
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The Filasterea are the next group after Choanoflagellata in the sister relationship to animals.
“followed by the Filasterea, consisting of a group of relatively little-known parasites (Cavalier-Smith, 2009)”
From The origin of the animals and a 'Savannah' hypothesis for early bilaterian evolution (2017) · cites this paper as Cavalier-Smith, 2009
In “Unikont Megaevolution” (page unavailable), the paper places Filasterea and Choanoflagellatea in Choanofila, but says animals are sisters of Choanoflagellatea; it does not identify Filasterea as the next sister group to animals. In “Dichotomy Between Marine and FW/Terrestrial Protists” (page unavailable), it describes Filasterea as marine or parasites, so calling the whole group parasites also overstates the passage. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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- Authors
- CAVALIER‐SMITH, T.
- Affiliations
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Corresponding author
- CAVALIER‐SMITH, THOMAS
- Venue
- Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2009-01
- Volume
- 56
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 26-33
- ISSN
- 1066-5234 (ISSN-L)
- 1550-7408
- OpenAlex
- W2031879483
- Cited by
- 84
- References
- 90
- Citations by year
- 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 0.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Natural Environment Research Council (NE/E004156/1)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protist diversity and phylogeny
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Marine Invertebrate Physiology and Ecology
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Evolution and Paleontology Studies
- Keywords
- eukaryotic origin, eukaryote phylogeny, adaptive zones, choanoflagellates, Amoebozoa, Rhizaria, Excavata, Metamonada, pseudopodia, symbiogenesis, opisthokonts, Cambrian explosion
- MeSH terms
- Eukaryotic Cells, Phylogeny, Time Factors, Evolution, Molecular
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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