Evolution of phototaxis
Open accessAbstract
Phototaxis in the broadest sense means positive or negative displacement along a light gradient or vector. Prokaryotes most often use a biased random walk strategy, employing type I sensory rhodopsin photoreceptors and two-component signalling to regulate flagellar reversal. This strategy only allows phototaxis along steep light gradients, as found in microbial mats or sediments. Some filamentous cyanobacteria evolved the ability to steer towards a light vector. Even these cyanobacteria, however, can only navigate in two dimensions, gliding on a surface. In contrast, eukaryotes evolved the capacity to follow a light vector in three dimensions in open water. This strategy requires a polarized organism with a stable form, helical swimming with cilia and a shading or focusing body adjacent to a light sensor to allow for discrimination of light direction. Such arrangement and the ability of three-dimensional phototactic navigation evolved at least eight times independently in eukaryotes. The origin of three-dimensional phototaxis often followed a transition from a benthic to a pelagic lifestyle and the acquisition of chloroplasts either via primary or secondary endosymbiosis. Based on our understanding of the mechanism of phototaxis in single-celled eukaryotes and animal larvae, it is possible to define a series of elementary evolutionary steps, each of potential selective advantage, which can lead to pelagic phototactic navigation. We can conclude that it is relatively easy to evolve phototaxis once cell polarity, ciliary swimming and a stable cell shape are present.
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The best understood behaviour in protists is spiral vectorial phototaxis.
“The best understood behaviour in protists is spiral vectorial phototaxis [33].”
From Origin and early evolution of neural circuits for the control of ciliary locomotion (2011) · cites this paper as [33]
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Flagged first, then by citations
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The evolution of eyes and visually guided behaviour
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The phylogenetic position of ctenophores and the origin(s) of nervous systems
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Reafference and the origin of the self in early nervous system evolution
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- Authors
- Jékely, G.
- Affiliations
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Jékely, Gáspár
- ORCID
- Jékely, Gáspár
- Venue
- Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences
- Publisher
- The Royal Society
- Published
- 2009-10-12
- Volume
- 364
- Issue
- 1531
- Pages
- 2795-2808
- ISSN
- 0962-8436 (ISSN-L)
- 1471-2970
- PMC
- PMC2781859
- OpenAlex
- W2141016789
- Cited by
- 263
- References
- 155
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 0.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protist diversity and phylogeny
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Photoreceptor and optogenetics research
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Light effects on plants
- Keywords
- phototaxis, biased random walk, filamentous cyanobacteria, helical swimming, cell polarity, cell shape, endosymbiosis, chloroplast origin, microbial mats
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Biological Evolution, Prokaryotic Cells, Light Signal Transduction, Eukaryota
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