The DOI matches its Crossref record; 3 of the 3 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Evaluating Gender Biases on Actual Job Performance of Real People: A Meta‐Analysis1
Abstract
This study examined gender bias on job performance in work settings where confounding variables (e. g., organizational level, experience, education) were cautiously taken into consideration to ensure fair comparisons. Although previous meta‐analyses examined gender biases on evaluations, findings in tightly controlled laboratory environments may differ from those in highly complicated field studies. We found little evidence of overall gender bias in performance appraisals in nonconfounded field studies. However, there were significant pro‐male biases when only men served as raters. Measure‐specific gender stereotypicality, instead of genera! stereotypicality about the job, produced gender bias in performance appraisal. Masculine measures produced pro‐male bias, and feminine measures produced pro‐female bias.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Eagly, A. H., Ashmore, R. D., Makhijani, M. G., & Longo, L. C. (1991) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.110.1.109 · Cited by 1,875
Sexism and racism: Old-fashioned and modern prejudices
Swim, J. K., Aikin, K. J., Hall, W. S., & Hunter, B. A. (1995) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.68.2.199 · Cited by 1,486
Self-citationGender Stereotypes and Attitudes Toward Women and Men
Eagly, A. H., & Mladinic, A. (1989) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167289154008 · Cited by 785
Cited by
Role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders.
Eagly, A. H., & Karau, S. J. (2002) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037//0033-295x.109.3.573 · Cited by 7,300
Performance appraisal and performance management: 100 years of progress?
DeNisi, A. S., & Murphy, K. R. (2017) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/apl0000085 · Cited by 677
Harris, K. J., Kacmar, K. M., & Zivnuska, S. (2007) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2007.03.007 · Cited by 487
Not So Subtle: A Meta-Analytic Investigation of the Correlates of Subtle and Overt Discrimination
Jones, K. P., Peddie, C. I., Gilrane, V. L., King, E. B., & Gray, A. L. (2016) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206313506466 · Cited by 445
Elite male faculty in the life sciences employ fewer women
Sheltzer, J. M., & Smith, J. C. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1403334111 · Cited by 427
Metadata
- Authors
- Bowen, C., Swim, J. K., & Jacobs, R. R.
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Social Psychology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2000-10
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 2194-2215
- ISSN
- 0021-9029 (ISSN-L)
- 1559-1816
- OpenAlex
- W2031964252
- Cited by
- 193
- References
- 3
- FWCI
- 6.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Evaluating Gender Biases on Actual Job Performance of Real People: A Meta‐Analysis1. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2000.tb02432.x
- The paper
- Bowen, C., Swim, J. K., & Jacobs, R. R. (2000). Evaluating Gender Biases on Actual Job Performance of Real People: A Meta‐Analysis1. Journal of Applied Social Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2000.tb02432.x
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
