Not So Subtle: A Meta-Analytic Investigation of the Correlates of Subtle and Overt Discrimination

Jones, Kristen P.; Peddie, Chad I.; Gilrane, Veronica L.; King, Eden B.; Gray, Alexis L.

doi:10.1177/0149206313506466

Cited by 445Social and Intergroup PsychologyWorkplace Violence and BullyingNames, Identity, and Discrimination Research

Not So Subtle: A Meta-Analytic Investigation of the Correlates of Subtle and Overt Discrimination

Jones, Kristen P., Peddie, Chad I., Gilrane, Veronica L., King, Eden B., Gray, Alexis L.·2016·Journal of Management

DOI 10.1177/0149206313506466

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Abstract

Extant research suggests subtle, interpersonal forms of discrimination, though often normalized and overlooked, may be just as detrimental to targets as compared to more traditional, overt forms of discrimination. To further examine this question, we meta-analyzed the current literature to estimate the relationship between discrimination and a host of psychological, physical health, and work-related correlates as a function of its form (subtle or overt). Analysis of 90 effect sizes suggested that subtle and overt forms of discrimination hold relationships of comparable magnitude with a host of adverse correlates. By demonstrating that these two forms of discrimination are not differentially related to relevant outcomes, our findings call into serious question the pervasive belief that subtle discrimination is less consequential for targets as compared to overt discrimination (Landy, 2008; McWhorter, 2008). Taken together, our results suggest that subtle discrimination is at least as important to consider and address as its overt counterpart. Implications for organizational scholars and practitioners are discussed.

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Subtle discrimination is as damaging to those who experience it as are more overt forms.
“Ensuring that employees with disabilities do not experience subtle discrimination is critical given that subtle discrimination is as damaging to those who experience it as are more overt forms (Jones, Peddie, Gilrane, King, & Gray, 2016).”
From The Participation of People with Disabilities in the Workplace Across the Employment Cycle: Employer Concerns and Research Evidence (2020) · cites this paper as Jones, Peddie, Gilrane, King, & Gray, 2016

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Berg, S. H. (2006) · Violence Against Women · doi:10.1177/1077801206293082 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Mexican American Fathers’ Occupational Conditions: Links to Family Members’ Psychological Adjustment
Crouter, A. C., Davis, K. D., Updegraff, K. A., Delgado, M. Y., & Fortner, M. (2006) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2006.00299.x · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Establishing a climate for diversity: The inhibition of prejudiced reactions in the workplace
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Beyond good intentions: The next steps toward racial equality in the American workplace
Brief, A. P., Buttram, R. T., Reizenstien, R. M., Pugh, S. D., Callahan, J. D., McCline, R. L., & Vaslow, J. B. (1997) · Academy of Management Perspectives · doi:10.5465/ame.1997.9712024839 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Would an Obese Person Whistle Vivaldi? Targets of Prejudice Self-Present to Minimize Appearance of Specific Threats
Neel, R., Neufeld, S. L., & Neuberg, S. L. (2013) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797612458807 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Discrimination at the Level of the Individual: Cognitive and Affective Factors
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Subtle Sexism: Current Practice and Prospects for Change
Fonow, M. M., Benokraitis, N. V., & Rhode, D. L. (1998) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2654778 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Discrimination in the 21st century: Are science and the law aligned?
King, E. B., Dunleavy, D. G., Dunleavy, E. M., Jaffer, S. A., Morgan, W. B., Elder, K., & Graebner, R. (2010) · Psychology Public Policy and Law · doi:10.1037/a0021673 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citation
Reflecting on racism: School involvement and perceived teacher discrimination in African American mothers
Rowley, S. J., Helaire, L. J., & Banerjee, M. (2009) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2009.08.001 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
The Dilemmas of Workplace Discrimination
Dipboye, R. L., & Colella, A. (2013) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781410611567-27 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Positive Affect and Adjustment to Perceived Racism
Ong, A. D., & Edwards, L. M. (2008) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2008.27.2.105 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Further Factorial Validity Assessment of Scores on the Quick Discrimination Index (Qdi)
Utsey, S. O., & Ponterotto, J. G. (1999) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/00131649921969875 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Differentiating Gender Discrimination and Sexist Behavior: An Examination of Antecedents and Outcomes
Nye, C. D., Brummel, B. J., & Drasgow, F. (2009) · Military Psychology · doi:10.1080/08995600902914388 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
The differential impact of formal and interpersonal discrimination on job performance
Singletary, S. L. (2009) · Rice Research Repository (Rice University) · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Multicultural counseling and therapy
Liu, Y., & Ye, H. (2004) · Institutional Repository of Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences) · Cited by 10 · see citing works
ANTECEDENTS AND OUTCOMES OF WORKPLACE DISCRIMINATION AS PERCEIVED BY EMPLOYEES WITH DISABILITIES
Bradley, J. L. (2009) · TigerPrints (Clemson University) · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Stigma in the workplace: Testing a framework for the effects of demographic and perceived differences in organizations
Gifford, G. T. (2009) · Lincoln (University of Nebraska) · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Intersections of race and gender in women's experiences of harassment.
Huerta, M. (2007) · Deep Blue (University of Michigan) · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The Effects of Stigma Awareness on the Self-Esteem of Singles
Morris, W. L. (2005) · doi:10.18130/v3cz6n · Cited by 2 · see citing works
A path model of discrimination, social integration, social support, and substance use for Asian American adults
Miscally, M. E. (n.d.) · ProQuest Demo Repository · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Tired of prejudice: The self-regulatory effect of discrimination on health-related behaviors
Pascoe, E. A. (2010) · DukeSpace (Duke University) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Living in a complex social world: the influence of cultural value orientation, perceived control, and racism-related stress on coping among African-American adolescents
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Black women's mental health: Role of racial microaggressions and macroaggressions
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Inclusive workplaces: A review and model
Shore, L. M., Cleveland, J. N., & Sanchez, D. (2018) · Human Resource Management Review · doi:10.1016/j.hrmr.2017.07.003 · Cited by 1,034 · see citing works
Racial/ethnic discrimination and well-being during adolescence: A meta-analytic review.
Benner, A. D., Wang, Y., Shen, Y., Boyle, A. E., Polk, R., & Cheng, Y. (2018) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/amp0000204 · Cited by 897 · see citing works
Understanding how discrimination can affect health
Williams, D. R., Lawrence, J. A., Davis, B. A., & Vu, C. (2019) · Health Services Research · doi:10.1111/1475-6773.13222 · Cited by 853 · see citing works
The Participation of People with Disabilities in the Workplace Across the Employment Cycle: Employer Concerns and Research Evidence
Bonaccio, S., Connelly, C. E., Gellatly, I. R., Jetha, A., & Martin Ginis, K. A. (2020) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-018-9602-5 · Cited by 491 · see citing works
Diversity Initiative Effectiveness: A Typological Theory of Unintended Consequences
Leslie, L. M. (2018) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.2017.0087 · Cited by 472 · see citing works
The recovery paradox: Portraying the complex interplay between job stressors, lack of recovery, and poor well-being
Sonnentag, S. (2018) · Research in Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.riob.2018.11.002 · Cited by 405 · see citing works
The association between weight stigma and mental health: A meta‐analysis
Emmer, C., Bošnjak, M., & Mata, J. (2019) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.12935 · Cited by 381 · see citing works
“Opting Out” or “Pushed Out”? Integrating Perspectives on Women’s Career Equality for Gender Inclusion and Interventions
Kossek, E. E., Su, R., & Wu, L. (2016) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206316671582 · Cited by 352 · see citing works
Making the “C-ACE” for a Culturally-Informed Adverse Childhood Experiences Framework to Understand the Pervasive Mental Health Impact of Racism on Black Youth
Bernard, D. L., Calhoun, C. D., Banks, D. E., Halliday, C. A., Halbert, C. H., & Danielson, C. K. (2020) · Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma · doi:10.1007/s40653-020-00319-9 · Cited by 316 · see citing works
Prejudice and Discrimination Toward Immigrants
Esses, V. M. (2021) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-080520-102803 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
Mental Illness in the Workplace: An Interdisciplinary Review and Organizational Research Agenda
Follmer, K. B., & Jones, K. S. (2017) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206317741194 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Self-citation
Associations between microaggression and adjustment outcomes: A meta-analytic and narrative review.
Lui, P. P., & Quezada, L. (2018) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000172 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
On the treatment of persons with disabilities in organizations: A review and research agenda
Beatty, J. E., BALDRIDGE, D. C., Boehm, S. A., Kulkarni, M., & Colella, A. J. (2018) · Human Resource Management · doi:10.1002/hrm.21940 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Perceived workplace racial discrimination and its correlates: A meta‐analysis
Triana, M. D. C., Jayasinghe, M. M., & Pieper, J. R. (2015) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.1988 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Sixty years of discrimination and diversity research in human resource management: A review with suggestions for future research directions
Triana, M. D. C., Gu, P., Chapa, O., Richard, O. C., & Colella, A. J. (2021) · Human Resource Management · doi:10.1002/hrm.22052 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Combatting gender discrimination: A lack of fit framework
Heilman, M. E., & Caleo, S. (2018) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430218761587 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Workplace discrimination: A meta‐analytic extension, critique, and future research agenda
Dhanani, L. Y., Beus, J. M., & Joseph, D. L. (2017) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/peps.12254 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
“We Are All for Diversity, but . . .”: How Faculty Hiring Committees Reproduce Whiteness and Practical Suggestions for How They Can Change
Sensoy, Ö., & DiAngelo, R. (2017) · Harvard Educational Review · doi:10.17763/1943-5045-87.4.557 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
A Meta-Analytic Review of Racial Discrimination: Relationships to Health and Culture
Carter, R. T., Johnson, V. E., Kirkinis, K., Roberson, K., Muchow, C., & Galgay, C. (2019) · Race and Social Problems · doi:10.1007/s12552-018-9256-y · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Assessing racial trauma with the Trauma Symptoms of Discrimination Scale.
Williams, M. T., Printz, D. M. B., & DeLapp, R. C. T. (2018) · Psychology of Violence · doi:10.1037/vio0000212 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Developing & delivering effective anti-bias training: Challenges & recommendations
Carter, E. R., Onyeador, I. N., & Lewis, N. A. (2020) · Behavioral Science & Policy · doi:10.1177/237946152000600106 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
The importance of being “me”: The relation between authentic identity expression and transgender employees’ work-related attitudes and experiences.
Martinez, L. R., Sawyer, K. B., Thoroughgood, C. N., Ruggs, E. N., & Smith, N. A. (2016) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/apl0000168 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Subtle Discrimination in the Workplace: A Vicious Cycle
Jones, K. P., Arena, D. F., Nittrouer, C., Alonso, N. M., & Lindsey, A. (2017) · Industrial and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1017/iop.2016.91 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Self-citation
Age Metastereotyping and Cross-Age Workplace Interactions: A Meta View of Age Stereotypes at Work
Finkelstein, L. M., King, E. B., & Voyles, E. C. (2015) · Work, Aging and Retirement · doi:10.1093/workar/wau002 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Self-citation
Patching the “leaky pipeline”: Interventions for women of color faculty in STEM academia.
Liu, S.-N. C., Brown, S. E. V., & Sabat, I. E. (2019) · Archives of Scientific Psychology · doi:10.1037/arc0000062 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Women at Work
Ellemers, N. (2014) · Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1177/2372732214549327 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Racial discrimination, racial identity, and impostor phenomenon: A profile approach
Bernard, D. L., Hoggard, L. S., & Neblett, E. W. (2018) · Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology · doi:10.1037/cdp0000161 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Sexual harassment reported by undergraduate female physicists
Aycock, L., Hazari, Z., Brewe, E. T., Clancy, K. B. H., Hodapp, T., & Goertzen, R. M. (2019) · Physical Review Physics Education Research · doi:10.1103/physrevphyseducres.15.010121 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Innovative work behavior and sex‐based stereotypes: Examining sex differences in perceptions and evaluations of innovative work behavior
Luksyte, A., Unsworth, K. L., & Avery, D. R. (2017) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.2219 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Gender, Sexual Orientation, and Workplace Incivility: Who Is Most Targeted and Who Is Most Harmed?
Zurbrügg, L., & Miner, K. N. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00565 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Coping With Stigma in the Workplace: Understanding the Role of Threat Regulation, Supportive Factors, and Potential Hidden Costs
van Laar, C., Meeussen, L., Veldman, J., Grootel, S. V., Sterk, N., & Jacobs, C. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01879 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
How prevalent is workplace mistreatment? A meta‐analytic investigation
Dhanani, L. Y., LaPalme, M. L., & Joseph, D. L. (2021) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.2534 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Isms and schisms: A meta‐analysis of the prejudice‐discrimination relationship across racism, sexism, and ageism
Jones, K. P., Sabat, I. E., King, E. B., Ahmad, A. S., McCausland, T. C., & Chen, T. (2017) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.2187 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Self-citation
Experiences of Discrimination Are Associated With Greater Resting Amygdala Activity and Functional Connectivity
Clark, U. S., Miller, E. R., & Hegde, R. R. (2017) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2017.11.011 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Development and Validation of the Workplace Age Discrimination Scale
Marchiondo, L. A., Gonzales, E. G., & Ran, S. (2015) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-015-9425-6 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
From Backlash to Inclusion for All: Instituting Diversity Efforts to Maximize Benefits Across Group Lines
Brannon, T. N., Carter, E. R., Murdock‐Perriera, L. A., & Higginbotham, G. D. (2018) · Social Issues and Policy Review · doi:10.1111/sipr.12040 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Racialised professionals’ experiences of selective incivility in organisations: A multi-level analysis of subtle racism
Öztürk, M. B., & Berber, A. (2020) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/0018726720957727 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Microaggressions, Everyday Discrimination, Workplace Incivilities, and Other Subtle Slights at Work: A Meta-Synthesis
Smith, I. A., & Griffiths, A. (2022) · Human Resource Development Review · doi:10.1177/15344843221098756 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Observed Workplace Incivility toward Women, Perceptions of Interpersonal Injustice, and Observer Occupational Well-Being: Differential Effects for Gender of the Observer
Miner, K. N., & Cortina, L. M. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00482 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Why Still so Few? A Theoretical Model of the Role of Benevolent Sexism and Career Support in the Continued Underrepresentation of Women in Leadership Positions
Hideg, I., & Shen, W. (2019) · Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies · doi:10.1177/1548051819849006 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Public Stigma of Autism Spectrum Disorder at School: Implicit Attitudes Matter
Aubé, B., Follenfant, A., Goudeau, S., & Derguy, C. (2020) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04635-9 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
On the trajectory of discrimination: A meta-analysis and forecasting survey capturing 44 years of field experiments on gender and hiring decisions
Schaerer, M., du Plessis, C., Nguyen, M. H. B., van Aert, R. C. M., Tiokhin, L., Lakens, D., Giulia Clemente, E., Pfeiffer, T., Dreber, A., Johannesson, M., et al. (2023) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2023.104280 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Identity Work by First-Generation College Students to Counteract Class-Based Microaggressions
Gray, B., Johnson, T. D., Kish-Gephart, J. J., & Tilton, J. (2017) · Organization Studies · doi:10.1177/0170840617736935 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Workplace Incivility as Modern Sexual Prejudice
Marco, D. D., Hoel, H., Arenas, A., & Munduate, L. (2015) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260515621083 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Detecting and Experiencing Prejudice
Barreto, M., & Ellemers, N. (2015) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.02.001 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Measuring the invisible: Development and multi‐industry validation of the Gender Bias Scale for Women Leaders
Diehl, A. B., Stephenson, A. L., Dzubinski, L. M., & Wang, D. (2020) · Human Resource Development Quarterly · doi:10.1002/hrdq.21389 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Because you're worth the risks: Acts of oppositional courage as symbolic messages of relational value to transgender employees.
Thoroughgood, C., Sawyer, K., & Webster, J. R. (2020) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/apl0000515 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
The immediate effect of discrimination on mental health: A meta-analytic review of the causal evidence.
Emmer, C., Dorn, J., & Mata, J. (2024) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000419 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Assumptions About Algorithms’ Capacity for Discrimination
Jago, A. S., & Laurin, K. (2021) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672211016187 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Both Diversity and Meritocracy: Managing the Diversity‐Meritocracy Paradox with Organizational Ambidexterity
Konrad, A. M., Richard, O. C., & Yang, Y. (2021) · Journal of Management Studies · doi:10.1111/joms.12752 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
The Illinois Rape Myth Acceptance Scale—Subtle Version: Using an Adapted Measure to Understand the Declining Rates of Rape Myth Acceptance
Thelan, A. R., & Meadows, E. A. (2021) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605211030013 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Finding calm in the storm: A daily investigation of how trait mindfulness buffers against paranoid cognition and emotional exhaustion following perceived discrimination at work
Thoroughgood, C. N., Sawyer, K. B., & Webster, J. R. (2019) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2019.02.004 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Predicting employee attitudes to workplace diversity from personality, values, and cognitive ability
Anglim, J., Sojo, V. E., Ashford, L., Newman, A., & Marty, A. (2019) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2019.103865 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Stereotype content and social distancing from employees with mental illness: The moderating roles of gender and social dominance orientation
Follmer, K. B., & Jones, K. S. (2017) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/jasp.12455 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Self-citation
The Negative Implications of Being Tolerated: Tolerance From the Target’s Perspective
Verkuyten, M., Yogeeswaran, K., & Adelman, L. (2020) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691619897974 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Microaggressions: Mega problems or micro issues? A meta‐analysis
Costa, P. L., McDuffie, J. W., Brown, S. E. V., He, Y., Ikner, B. N., Sabat, I. E., & Miner, K. N. (2022) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.22885 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
The impact of virtuality on team effectiveness in organizational and non‐organizational teams: A meta‐analysis
Purvanova, R. K., & Kenda, R. (2021) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/apps.12348 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
The impact of gender discrimination on a Woman's Mental Health
Vigod, S. N., & Rochon, P. A. (2020) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100311 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Human Sustainability and Work: A Meta-Synthesis and New Theoretical Framework
Barnes, C. M., Wagner, D. T., Schabram, K., & Boncoeur, D. (2022) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/01492063221131541 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
A typology of stigma within organizations: Access and treatment effects
Summers, J. K., Howe, M. D., McElroy, J. C., Buckley, M. R., Pahng, P. H., & Cortés-Mejía, S. (2018) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.2279 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Drivers of career success among the visually impaired: Improving career inclusivity and sustainability in a career ecosystem
Bhaskar, A. U., Baruch, Y., & Gupta, S. (2022) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/00187267221103529 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
International student graduates’ workforce integration: A systematic review
Han, Y., Gulanowski, D., & Sears, G. J. (2021) · International Journal of Intercultural Relations · doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2021.11.003 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
The Impact of Interpersonal Discrimination and Stress on Health and Performance for Early Career STEM Academicians
O’Brien, K. R., McAbee, S. T., Hebl, M. R., & Rodgers, J. R. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00615 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Reinvigorating Research on Gender in the Workplace Using a Positive Work and Organizations Perspective*
Warren, M. A., Donaldson, S. I., Lee, J. Y., & Donaldson, S. I. (2019) · International Journal of Management Reviews · doi:10.1111/ijmr.12206 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Prevalence of workplace discrimination and mistreatment in a national sample of older U.S. workers: The REGARDS cohort study
Fekedulegn, D. B., Alterman, T., Charles, L. E., Kershaw, K. N., Safford, M. M., Howard, V. J., & MacDonald, L. A. (2019) · SSM - Population Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100444 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
A systematic review of interventions to address workplace bias: What we know, what we don't, and lessons learned
Metinyurt, T., Haynes-Baratz, M. C., & Bond, M. A. (2021) · New Ideas in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.newideapsych.2021.100879 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Enhancing leader inclusion while preventing social exclusion in the work group
Shore, L. M., & Chung, B. G. (2022) · Human Resource Management Review · doi:10.1016/j.hrmr.2022.100902 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
From #MeToo to #TimesUp: Identifying Next Steps in Sexual Harassment Research in the Organizational Sciences
Chawla, N., Gabriel, A. S., Kelly, A. O., & Rosen, C. C. (2020) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206320980518 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Racial Biases in the Publication Process: Exploring Expressions and Solutions
Avery, D. R., B, D. K., Dumas, T. L., George, E., Joshi, A., Loyd, D. L., van Knippenberg, D., Wang, M., & Xu, H. (2021) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/01492063211030561 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Beyond banning the box: A conceptual model of the stigmatization of ex-offenders in the workplace
Baur, J. E., Hall, A. V., Daniels, S. R., Buckley, M. R., & Anderson, H. J. (2017) · Human Resource Management Review · doi:10.1016/j.hrmr.2017.08.002 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Discrimination, Work Stress, and Psychological Well-being in LGBTI Workers in Spain
Moya, M., & Moya-Garófano, A. (2020) · Psychosocial Intervention · doi:10.5093/pi2020a5 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Denial of racism and the Trump presidency
Konrad, A. M. (2018) · Equality Diversity and Inclusion An International Journal · doi:10.1108/edi-07-2017-0155 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Mobilizing bystanders to address microaggressions in the workplace: The case for a systems‐change approach to Getting A (Collective) GRIP
Bond, M. A., & Haynes, M. C. (2021) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/ajcp.12557 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Perceived Discrimination, Ethnic Identity, and Mental Distress Among Asian International Students in Korea
Suh, H. N., Flores, L. Y., & Wang, K. T. (2019) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022119874433 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Beyond the Baby Bump: Subtle Discrimination Against Working Mothers In the Hiring Process
Cheung, H. K., Anderson, A. J., King, E. B., Mahabir, B., Warner, K., & Jones, K. P. (2022) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-022-09790-7 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citation
Kicks hurt less: Discrimination predicts distress beyond trauma among undocumented Mexican immigrants.
Garcini, L. M., Chen, M. A., Brown, R. L., Galvan, T., Saucedo, L., Cardoso, J. B., & Fagundes, C. P. (2018) · Psychology of Violence · doi:10.1037/vio0000205 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Letting him B: A study on the intersection of gender and sexual orientation in the workplace
Corrington, A. R., Nittrouer, C., Trump-Steele, R. C. E., & Hebl, M. R. (2018) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2018.10.005 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Approaching the Discriminatory Work Environment as Stressor: The Protective Role of Job Satisfaction on Health
Marco, D. D., López-Cabrera, R., Arenas, A., Giorgi, G., Arcangeli, G., & Mucci, N. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01313 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
A review of abusive behaviors at work
Hackney, K. J., & Perrewé, P. L. (2018) · Organizational Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/2041386618755724 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Effects of early adversity and social discrimination on empathy for complex mental states: An fMRI investigation
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Authors: Jones, K. P., Peddie, C. I., Gilrane, V. L., King, E. B., & Gray, A. L.
Affiliations: George Mason University (US)
Human Resources Research Organization (US)
Corporate Executive Board (United States) (US)
Federal Management Partners (US)
Corresponding author: Jones, Kristen P.
ORCID: Jones, Kristen P.
King, Eden B.
Venue: Journal of Management
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2016-07-10
Volume: 42
Issue: 6
Pages: 1588-1613
ISSN: 0149-2063 (ISSN-L)
1557-1211
DOI: 10.1177/0149206313506466
OpenAlex: W2114929751
Cited by: 445
References: 133
Citations by year: 2026: 36 · 2025: 42 · 2024: 58 · 2023: 40 · 2022: 49 · 2021: 55 · 2020: 41 · 2019: 34 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 6
FWCI: 30.98
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Management (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Workplace Violence and Bullying
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Names, Identity, and Discrimination Research
Keywords: subtle discrimination, overt discrimination, interpersonal discrimination, mental health, physical health, work-related outcomes, organizational behavior

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Not So Subtle: A Meta-Analytic Investigation of the Correlates of Subtle and Overt Discrimination

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