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Rejection Sensitivity, Social Withdrawal, and Loneliness in Young Adults
Abstract
Rejection sensitivity (RS) has significant negative impacts on individuals' social cognitions, feelings, and interpersonal behaviors. The present research assessed the hypothesis that the effect of RS on young adults' loneliness is mediated by their tendency to withdraw from social contact so as to avoid possible rejection. Participants completed measures of their RS, their tendencies to engage in social withdrawal to avoid rejection, and their loneliness; as well as measures of their social avoidance and distress, self‐esteem, and social self‐efficacy. Results confirmed the main hypothesis and also indicated that RS is positively related to social avoidance and distress, and negatively related to self‐esteem and social self‐efficacy. Implications of the findings for understanding and counteracting RS are discussed.
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“RS has been linked with reduced self-esteem (Watson & Nesdale, 2012) and may give rise to significant psychopathology (Gao, Assink, Cipriani, & Lin, 2017;Pietrzak et al., 2005;Rosenbach & Renneberg, 2011).”
From The link between rejection sensitivity and borderline personality disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2019) · cites this paper as Watson & Nesdale, 2012
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, sensitivity to punishment is also associated with less social activity and a lower probability of social support (54), with the latter being a highly important variable in coping with chronic pain (55, 56).”
From Anxiety, Reinforcement Sensitivity and Social Context in Accepting the Experience of Pain Among Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients (2020) · cites this paper as [54]
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“Conversely, individuals with lower rejection sensitivity are more likely to approach social interactions with an open and accepting attitude, respond positively to others, and are less inclined to avoid social engagement [45].”
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“This behavior aligns with the findings of Watson and Nesdale [127] on how social rejection exacerbates isolation tendencies.”
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Shin, J., Han, K. S., & Shin, H. J. (2024) · Journal of Korean Academy of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.12934/jkpmhn.2024.33.3.253 · Cited by 7
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“In the first study, which was conducted among the Australian college students, rejection sensitivity was a significant predictor of loneliness, and social withdrawal had a mediating role in this relationship (Watson & Nesdale, 2012).”
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Masbul, H. R., & Ninin, R. H. (2024) · SCAFFOLDING Jurnal Pendidikan Islam dan Multikulturalisme · doi:10.37680/scaffolding.v5i1.4898
“Rejection can impede the development of a stable social network, which in turn can exacerbate feelings of loneliness (Watson & Nesdale, 2012).”
BackgroundEnergetic activity for depression in young people aged 13–17 years: the READY feasibility RCT
Smith, M., James, R., Howlett, N., Mengoni, S. E., Jones, J., Sims, E. J., Turner, D., Grant, K., Clark, A., Murdoch, J., et al. (2024) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/kwnh4507
“67 , 68 Our study design was set up for a face-to-face setting, which was disrupted by the pandemic.”
Wu, P., & Chiang, S. (2025) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-025-07525-4
“…contribute to the vulnerability to mental health problems in distinct ways: First, existential alienation leads to significant social withdrawal, which is closely associated with depres - sive symptoms due to the resulting loneliness and isolation (Barzeva et al., 2020 ; Watson & Nesdale, 2012 ).”
Generalization of Rejection and Acceptance in Social NetworksPreprint
Zhang, Y., & Hackel, L. M. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5263641
REDDEDİLME DUYARLILIĞI İLE SOSYAL KAYGI ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİ ÜZERİNE BİR DERLEME
Önder, G. Ö., & Ünal, E. (2025) · Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi · doi:10.16953/deusosbil.1524069
Li, Y., & Liu, Y. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-7437820/v1
Students’ expectation of rejection by teachers and its relation to their school engagementPreprint
Preusche, Z. M., & Göbel, K. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5460238
Ercan, F., Özdemir, E., Gökkaya, N., Güler, İ., Ergün, S., & Bozan, H. (2025) · Ordu Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Çalışmaları Dergisi · doi:10.38108/ouhcd.1472201
Farkas, E., & Szabó, G. (2025) · Acta Politica · doi:10.1057/s41269-025-00404-7
“The dominant assumption, however, is that unhappiness is associated with individual passivity and risk of exclusion (Ahmed 2010), which is confirmed by studies on convenience samples that present correlations between unhappiness and social contacts (Perlman and Peplau 1981; Watson and Nesdale 2012).”
Invisible on Campus: Exploring Predictors of Perceived Student Ostracism
Adams, L. M., Waldeck, D., Leggett, R., Brooker, K., & Tyndall, I. T. (2025) · Journal of College Student Mental Health · doi:10.1080/28367138.2025.2577636
“…expectation of rejection in social situations; Lei et al., 2024) has been found to be a significant predictor of loneliness, which is often an effect of ostracism, implying that there could be some level of relationship between ostracism and rejection sensitivity (Watson & Nesdale, 2012).”
Heu, L. C. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-02959-1_26
Ramos, K. M. (2013) · DigitalCommons-Macalester (Macalester College)
Ciberostracismo: un fenómeno del siglo XXI. Implicaciones socioemocionales y conductuales
Villarreal, A. E. B., & Victor, D. G. (2025) · Pensamiento Actual · doi:10.15517/yt7vd968
Jeong, A., & Kim, B. (2025) · Korean Journal of Stress Research · doi:10.17547/kjsr.2025.33.4.192
Kim, Y., & Cho, S. (2025) · Korean Journal of Human Ecology · doi:10.5934/kjhe.2025.34.6.979
Belonging, Rejection Sensitivity and Hikikomori Withdrawal among University Students
Baig, S., Ilyas, U., & Fatima, A. (2025) · Journal of Professional & Applied Psychology · doi:10.52053/jpap.v6i4.461
“Moreover, while interpersonal rejection sensitivity has been linked to various internalizing difficulties, its role in extreme forms of social withdrawal such as hikikomori has received insufficient empirical attention in local research (Watson & Nesdale, 2012; Lee & Robbins, 1995”
Preference for solitude modulates anterior insula responses to social exclusion
Sakurai, R., Watanabe, R., & Kuruma, H. (2026) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2026.121287
Metadata
- Authors
- WATSON, J., & NESDALE, D.
- Affiliations
- Griffith University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- NESDALE, DREW
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Social Psychology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2012-06-14
- Volume
- 42
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1984-2005
- ISSN
- 0021-9029 (ISSN-L)
- 1559-1816
- OpenAlex
- W1627460310
- Cited by
- 218
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 4
- FWCI
- 7.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Applied Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Griffith Research Online (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- rejection sensitivity, social withdrawal, loneliness, young adults, social avoidance, social distress, self-esteem, social self-efficacy, mediation, interpersonal rejection
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