The 10‐year course of psychosocial functioning among patients with borderline personality disorder and axis II comparison subjects
Open accessAbstract
Zanarini MC, Frankenburg FR, Bradford Reich D, Fitzmaurice G. The 10‐year course of psychosocial functioning among patients with borderline personality disorder and axis II comparison subjects. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the 10‐year course of the psychosocial functioning of patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD). Method: The social and vocational functioning of 290 inpatients meeting both the Revised Diagnostic Interview for Borderlines (DIB‐R) and DSM‐III‐R criteria for BPD and 72 axis II comparison subjects were carefully assessed during their index admission. Psychosocial functioning was reassessed using similar methods at five contiguous 2‐year time periods. Results: Borderline patients without good psychosocial functioning at baseline reported difficulty attaining it for the first time. Those who had such functioning at baseline reported difficulty retaining and then regaining it. In addition, over 90% of their poor psychosocial functioning was due to poor vocational but not social performance. Conclusion: Good psychosocial functioning that involves both social and vocational competence is difficult for borderline patients to achieve and maintain over time. In addition, their vocational functioning is substantially more compromised than their social functioning.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The findings likely reflect that BPD patients have less stable vocational performance than those with other axis II psychopathology.
“These results too, which are new, probably reflect the unstable vocational performance of borderline patients relative to those with other forms of axis II psychopathology (18).”
Our group's earlier work found BPD patients have much greater difficulty with consistent, competent vocational functioning than axis II comparison subjects.
“This is so because previous research by our group has found that borderline patients have far more difficulty functioning consistently and competently in the vocational arena than axis II comparison subjects (18).”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Zanarini, M. C., Frankenburg, F. R., Hennen, J. A., & Silk, K. R. (2003) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.2.274 · Cited by 672 · see citing works
Self-citationPsychosocial Disability During the Long-term Course of Unipolar Major Depressive Disorder
Judd, L. L., Akiskal, H. S., Zeller, P. J., Paulus, M., Leon, A. C., Maser, J. D., Endicott, J., Coryell, W., Kunovac, J. L., Mueller, T. I., et al. (2000) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.57.4.375 · Cited by 593 · see citing works
The McLean-Harvard First-Episode Mania Study: Prediction of Recovery and First Recurrence
Tohen, M. F., Zarate, C. A., Hennen, J. A., Khalsa, H.-M. K., Strakowski, S. M., Gebre‐Medhin, P., Salvatore, P., & Baldessarini, R. J. (2003) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.12.2099 · Cited by 471 · see citing works
Prediction of the 10-Year Course of Borderline Personality Disorder
Zanarini, M. C., Frankenburg, F. R., Hennen, J. A., Reich, D. B., & Silk, K. R. (2006) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.2006.163.5.827 · Cited by 445 · see citing works
Self-citationZanarini, M. C., & Frankenburg, F. R. (2001) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1053/comp.2001.24556 · Cited by 384 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Subsyndromal Phenomenology of Borderline Personality Disorder: A 10-Year Follow-Up Study
Zanarini, M. C., Frankenburg, F. R., Reich, D. B., Silk, K. R., Hudson, J. I., & McSweeney, L. B. (2007) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.2007.164.6.929 · Cited by 381 · see citing works
Self-citationSKODOL, A. E., PAGANO, M. E., BENDER, D. S., TRACIE SHEA, M., GUNDERSON, J. G., YEN, S., STOUT, R. L., MOREY, L. C., SANISLOW, C. A., GRILO, C. M., et al. (2005) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329170400354x · Cited by 316 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Chestnut Lodge Follow-up Study: III. Long-term Outcome of Borderline Personalities
McGlashan, T. H. (1986) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1986.01800010022003 · Cited by 304 · see citing works
The diagnostic interview for personality disorders: Interrater and test-retest reliability
Zanarini, M. C., Frankenburg, F. R., Chauncey, D. L., & Gunderson, J. G. (1987) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0010-440x(87)90012-5 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
Self-citationZanarini, M. C., Frankenburg, F. R., Hennen, J., & Silk, K. R. (2004) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.v65n0105 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Self-citationShea, M. T., Stout, R. L., Gunderson, J. G., Morey, L. C., Grilo, C. M., McGlashan, T. H., Skodol, A. E., Dolan‐Sewell, R., DYCK, I. R., Zanarini, M. C., et al. (2002) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.12.2036 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
Self-citationGrilo, C. M., Sanislow, C. A., Gunderson, J. G., Pagano, M. E., Yen, S., Zanarini, M. C., Shea, M. T., Skodol, A. E., Stout, R. L., Morey, L. C., et al. (2004) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.72.5.767 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
Self-citationLong-term follow-up of borderline patients in a general hospital
Paris, J., Brown, R., & Nowlis, D. (1987) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0010-440x(87)90019-8 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Inter-Rater and Test-Retest Reliability of the Revised Diagnostic Interview for Borderlines
Zanarini, M. C., Frankenburg, F. R., & Vujanovic, A. A. (2002) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.16.3.270.22538 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Self-citationZanarini, M. C., Frankenburg, F. R., Hennen, J., Reich, D. B., & Silk, K. R. (2005) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.19.1.19.62178 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Self-citation14-year follow-up of borderline and schizotypal personality disorders
Plakun, E. M., Burkhardt, P. E., & Muller, J. P. (1985) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0010-440x(85)90081-1 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Improvement in borderline personality disorder in relationship to age
Shea, M. T., Edelen, M. O., Pinto, A., Yen, S., Gunderson, J. G., Skodol, A. E., Markowitz, J. C., Sanislow, C. A., Grilo, C. M., Ansell, E. B., et al. (2008) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2008.01274.x · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- [4]Stone MH The Fate of Borderline Patients New York Guilford Press 1990
- [8]Spitzer RL Williams JB Gibbon M First MB Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID). I: history, rational, and description Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992 49 624 629 1637252
- [18]American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition) Washington, DC American Psychiatric Association 1994
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Psychological therapies for people with borderline personality disorder.
Stoffers-Winterling, J. M., Völlm, B. A., Rücker, G., Timmer, A., Huband, N., & Lieb, K. (2012) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd005652.pub2 · Cited by 895 · see citing works
Borderline personality disorder
Leichsenring, F., Leibing, E., Kruse, J., New, A. S., & Leweke, F. (2011) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(10)61422-5 · Cited by 895 · see citing works
Gunderson, J. G. (2011) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.37 · Cited by 770 · see citing works
Zanarini, M. C., Frankenburg, F. R., Reich, D. B., & Fitzmaurice, G. (2012) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.11101550 · Cited by 484 · see citing works
Self-citationPsychological therapies for people with borderline personality disorder
Storebø, O. J., Stoffers-Winterling, J. M., Völlm, B. A., Kongerslev, M. T., Mattivi, J. T., Jørgensen, M. S., Faltinsen, E., Todorovac, A., Sales, C. P., Callesen, H. E., et al. (2020) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012955.pub2 · Cited by 450 · see citing works
Chanen, A. M., & McCutcheon, L. (2013) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.112.119180 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Barnicot, K., Katsakou, C., Marougka, S., & Priebe, S. (2011) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2010.01652.x · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Psychotherapies for borderline personality disorder: a focused systematic review and meta-analysis
Stoffers-Winterling, J. M., Storebø, O. J., Kongerslev, M. T., Faltinsen, E., Todorovac, A., Sedoc Jørgensen, M., Sales, C. P., Edemann Callesen, H., Pereira Ribeiro, J., Völlm, B. A., et al. (2022) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.2021.204 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Common Factors in Empirically Supported Treatments of Borderline Personality Disorder
Weinberg, I., Ronningstam, E., Goldblatt, M. J., Schechter, M., & Maltsberger, J. T. (2011) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-010-0167-x · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Wagner, T., Fydrich, T., Stiglmayr, C., Marschall, P., Salize, H.-J., Renneberg, B., Fleßa, S., & Roepke, S. (2014) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2014.07.004 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Doering, S. (2019) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000724 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Hastrup, L. H., Kongerslev, M. T., & Simonsen, E. (2019) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi_2018_32_344 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Sher, L., Fisher, A. M., Kelliher, C. H., Penner, J. D., Goodman, M., Koenigsberg, H. W., New, A. S., Siever, L. J., & Hazlett, E. A. (2016) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.10.003 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Hastrup, L. H., Jennum, P., Ibsen, R., Kjellberg, J., & Simonsen, E. (2022) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-020-01683-5 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Fassbinder, E., Assmann, N., Schaich, A., Heinecke, K., Wagner, T., Sipos, V., Jauch-Chara, K., Hüppe, M., Arntz, A., & Schweiger, U. (2018) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-018-1905-6 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Turniansky, H., Ben-Dor, D., Krivoy, A., Weizman, A., & Shoval, G. (2019) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104222 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Schilling, L., Moritz, S., Köther, U., & Nagel, M. (2015) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/0889-8391.29.2.153 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Categorical Models of Personality Disorders
Weinberg, I. (2020) · The Cambridge Handbook of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1017/9781108333931.024 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
- Authors
- Zanarini, M. C., Frankenburg, F. R., Reich, D. B., & Fitzmaurice, G.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Zanarini, M. C.
- Venue
- Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2010-07-02
- Volume
- 122
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 103-109
- ISSN
- 0001-690X (ISSN-L)
- 1600-0447
- PMC
- PMC3876887
- OpenAlex
- W2112186011
- Cited by
- 210
- References
- 17
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 16.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH-62169, R29MH047588, R01MH062169, MH-47588)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Bipolar Disorder and Treatment
- Keywords
- borderline personality disorder, psychosocial functioning, vocational functioning, social functioning, long-term course, Axis II personality disorders, functional recovery, functional maintenance, hospitalized patients
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Borderline Personality Disorder, Female, Hospitalization, Humans, Long-Term Care, Male, Personality Disorders, Rehabilitation, Vocational, Social Adjustment, United States, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
