Definition and prevalence of peri‐implant diseases
Abstract
Objectives: The aim of the current review was to describe the prevalence of peri‐implant diseases including peri‐implant mucositis and peri‐implantitis. Material and Methods: A MEDLINE search (PubMed) until December 2007 was conducted and different keywords related to the prevalence of peri‐implant diseases were used. Cross‐sectional and longitudinal studies including 50 implant‐treated subjects exhibiting a function time of 5 years were considered. Results and Conclusion: The current review revealed that only a few studies provided data on the prevalence of peri‐implant diseases. Cross‐sectional studies on implant‐treated subjects are rare and data from only two study samples were available. Peri‐implant mucositis occurred in approximately 80% of the subjects and in 50% of the implants. Peri‐implantitis was found in 28% and 56% of subjects and in 12% and 43% of implant sites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Peri-implant mucositis is an important risk factor for peri-implantitis, an irreversible destructive condition associated with progressive crestal bone loss.
“Peri-implant mucositis, characterised by reversible mucosal inflammation around an implant, is an important risk factor for peri-implantitis, an irreversible destructive condition associated with progressive crestal bone loss [10, 11].”
From Confidence of primary care dental practitioners in the assessment, referral and maintenance of dental implants: a cross-sectional survey in Yorkshire (2026) · cites this paper as [11]
Cites
Dorland??s Illustrated Medical Dictionary
Arey, L. B., Burrows, W. O., Greenhill, J. P., & Hewitt, R. M. (1957) · The American Journal of the Medical Sciences · doi:10.1097/00000441-195712000-00043 · Cited by 1,347 · see citing works
Berglundh, T., Persson, L. G., & Klinge, B. (2002) · Journal Of Clinical Periodontology · doi:10.1034/j.1600-051x.29.s3.12.x · Cited by 1,082 · see citing works
Self-citationPeri‐implant diseases: diagnosis and risk indicators
Heitz‐Mayfield, L. J. A. (2008) · Journal Of Clinical Periodontology · doi:10.1111/j.1600-051x.2008.01275.x · Cited by 898 · see citing works
Karoussis, I. K., Salvi, G. E., Heitz‐Mayfield, L. J. A., Brägger, U., Hämmerle, C. H. F., & Lang, N. P. (2003) · Clinical Oral Implants Research · doi:10.1034/j.1600-0501.000.00934.x · Cited by 610 · see citing works
Nine‐ to fourteen‐year follow‐up of implant treatment. Part II: presence of peri‐implant lesions
Roos‐Jansåker, A., Lindahl, C., Renvert, H., & Renvert, S. (2006) · Journal Of Clinical Periodontology · doi:10.1111/j.1600-051x.2006.00906.x · Cited by 572 · see citing works
Experimentally induced peri‐implant mucositis. A clinical study in humans.
Pontoriero, R., Tonelli, M., Carnevale, G., Mombelli, A., Nyman, S. R., & Lang, N. P. (1994) · Clinical Oral Implants Research · doi:10.1034/j.1600-0501.1994.050409.x · Cited by 553 · see citing works
Prevalence and risk variables for peri‐implant disease in Brazilian subjects
Ferreira, S. D., Silva, G. L. M., Cortelli, J. R., Costa, J. E., & Costa, F. O. (2006) · Journal Of Clinical Periodontology · doi:10.1111/j.1600-051x.2006.01001.x · Cited by 550 · see citing works
Berglundh, T., Lindhe, J., Marinell, C., Ericsson, I., & Liljenberg, B. (1992) · Clinical Oral Implants Research · doi:10.1034/j.1600-0501.1992.030101.x · Cited by 408 · see citing works
Self-citationPrevalence of subjects with progressive bone loss at implants
Fransson, C., Lekholm, U., Jemt, T., & Berglundh, T. (2005) · Clinical Oral Implants Research · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0501.2005.01137.x · Cited by 344 · see citing works
Self-citationKaroussis, I. K., Brägger, U., Salvi, G. E., Bürgin, W., & Lang, N. P. (2004) · Clinical Oral Implants Research · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0501.2004.00983.x · Cited by 344 · see citing works
Experimental peri‐implant mucositis in man
Zitzmann, N. U., Berglundh, T., Marinello, C. P., & Lindhe, J. (2001) · Journal Of Clinical Periodontology · doi:10.1034/j.1600-051x.2001.028006517.x · Cited by 315 · see citing works
Self-citationEkelund, J.-A., Lindquist, L. W., Carlsson, G. E., & Jemt, T. (2003) · PubMed · Cited by 313 · see citing works
Long‐standing plaque and gingivitis at implants and teeth in the dog
Ericsson, I., Berglundh, T., Marinello, C. P., Liljenberg, B., & Lindhe, J. (1992) · Clinical Oral Implants Research · doi:10.1034/j.1600-0501.1992.030301.x · Cited by 309 · see citing works
Self-citationPROCEEDINGS OF THE 1ST EUROPEAN WORKSHOP ON PERIODONTOLOGY
Page, R. C. (1995) · The Journal of the American Dental Association · doi:10.14219/jada.archive.1995.0202 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
Brägger, U., Karoussis, I. K., Persson, R., Pjetursson, B. E., Salvi, G. E., & Lang, N. P. (2005) · Clinical Oral Implants Research · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0501.2005.01105.x · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Infection at titanium implants with or without a clinical diagnosis of inflammation
Renvert, S., Roos‐Jansåker, A. M., Lindahl, C., Renvert, H., & Persson, G. R. (2007) · Clinical Oral Implants Research · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0501.2007.01378.x · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Wennström, J. L., Ekestubbe, A., Gröndahl, K., et al. (2004) · Journal Of Clinical Periodontology · doi:10.1111/j.1600-051x.2004.00568.x · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Association between periodontal and peri‐implant conditions: a 10‐year prospective study
Karoussis, I. K., Müller, S., Salvi, G. E., et al. (2004) · Clinical Oral Implants Research · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0501.2004.00982.x · Cited by 231 · see citing works
A 5-year multicenter study on implant-supported single crown restorations.
Scheller, H., Urgell, J. P., Kultje, C., et al. (1998) · PubMed · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Outcome of implant therapy in relation to experienced loss of periodontal bone support
Hardt, C. R. E., Gröndahl, K., Lekholm, U., et al. (2002) · Clinical Oral Implants Research · doi:10.1034/j.1600-0501.2002.130507.x · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Clinical characteristics at implants with a history of progressive bone loss
Fransson, C., Wennström, J. L., & Berglundh, T. (2008) · Clinical Oral Implants Research · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0501.2007.01448.x · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Self-citationImmediate and Delayed Implant Placement Into Extraction Sockets: A 5‐Year Report
Giovanni, P., Grunder, U., Goené, R. J., et al. (2000) · Clinical Implant Dentistry and Related Research · doi:10.1111/j.1708-8208.2000.tb00111.x · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary
Dirckx, J. H. (1995) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1995.03520340077042 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
IL‐1RN gene polymorphism is associated with peri‐implantitis
Laine, M. L., Leonhardt, Å., Roos‐Jansåker, A., Peña, A. S., Winkelhoff, A. J. V., Winkel, E. G., & Renvert, S. (2006) · Clinical Oral Implants Research · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0501.2006.01249.x · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Immunohistochemical characteristics of inflammatory lesions at implants
Gualini, F., & Berglundh, T. (2003) · Journal Of Clinical Periodontology · doi:10.1034/j.1600-051x.2003.300103.x · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Self-citationAtypical odontalgia – pathophysiology and clinical management
Baad‐Hansen, L. (2008) · Journal of Oral Rehabilitation · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2842.2007.01813.x · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Implant Survival in Periodontally Compromised Patients
Bælum, V., & Ellegaard, B. (2004) · Journal of Periodontology · doi:10.1902/jop.2004.75.10.1404 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Histopathological observations of human periimplantitis lesions
Berglundh, T., Gislason, Ö., Lekholm, U., Sennerby, L., & Lindhe, J. (2004) · Journal Of Clinical Periodontology · doi:10.1111/j.1600-051x.2004.00486.x · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Self-citationKourtis, S. G., Sotiriadou, S., Voliotis, S., et al. (2004) · Implant Dentistry · doi:10.1097/01.id.0000148564.88384.de · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Mericske‐Stern, R., Grütter, L., Rösch, R., et al. (2001) · Clinical Oral Implants Research · doi:10.1034/j.1600-0501.2001.012004309.x · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Longevity of teeth and implants – a systematic review
Tomasi, C., Wennström, J. L., & Berglundh, T. (2007) · Journal of Oral Rehabilitation · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2842.2007.01831.x · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Self-citationBehneke, A., Behneke, N., & d’Hoedt, B. (2003) · PubMed · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Non‐grafted sinus implants in periodontally compromised patients: a time‐to‐event analysis
Ellegaard, B., Bælum, V., & Kolsen‐Petersen, J. A. (2006) · Clinical Oral Implants Research · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0501.2005.01220.x · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Dudic, A., & Mericske‐Stern, R. (2002) · Clinical Implant Dentistry and Related Research · doi:10.1111/j.1708-8208.2002.tb00173.x · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Implant-supported fixed partial prostheses: a retrospective study.
Johansson, L., & Ekfeldt, A. (2003) · PubMed · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Örtorp, A., & Jemt, T. (2006) · Clinical Implant Dentistry and Related Research · doi:10.1111/j.1708-8208.2006.00020.x · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Survival and complication rates of combined tooth–implant‐supported fixed partial dentures
Nickenig, H., Schäfer, C., & Spiekermann, H. (2006) · Clinical Oral Implants Research · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0501.2006.01259.x · Cited by 63 · see citing works
A study of dental implants in medically treated hypothyroid patients.
Attard, N., & Zarb, G. (2002) · Clinical Implant Dentistry and Related Research · doi:10.1111/j.1708-8208.2002.tb00174.x · Cited by 50 · see citing works
A prospective 5-year multicenter study of the Cresco implantology concept.
Helldén, L. B., Ericson, G., Elliot, A., et al. (2004) · PubMed · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Strietzel, F. P., Lange, K., Svegar, M., et al. (2004) · PubMed · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Peri‐implant health and disease. A systematic review of current epidemiology
Derks, J., & Tomasi, C. (2015) · Journal of Clinical Periodontology · doi:10.1111/jcpe.12334 · Cited by 1,302 · see citing works
Renvert, S., Persson, G. R., Pirih, F. Q., & Camargo, P. M. (2018) · Journal of Periodontology · doi:10.1002/jper.17-0588 · Cited by 367 · see citing works
Heitz‐Mayfield, L. J. A., & Salvi, G. E. (2018) · Journal of Periodontology · doi:10.1002/jper.16-0488 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
Jakubovics, N. S. (2015) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2015.09.022 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Patel, J., & Ramsdale, M. (2026) · BDJ Open · doi:10.1038/s41405-026-00456-7
- Authors
- Zitzmann, N. U., & Berglundh, T.
- Affiliations
- University of Basel (CH)
- University of Gothenburg (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Zitzmann, Nicola U.
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Periodontology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2008-08-26
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- s8
- Pages
- 286-291
- ISSN
- 0303-6979 (ISSN-L)
- 1600-051X
- OpenAlex
- W2169890771
- Cited by
- 1,112
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 35 · 2024: 50 · 2023: 44 · 2022: 69 · 2021: 75 · 2020: 79 · 2019: 89 · 2018: 95 · 2017: 64 · 2016: 84 · 2015: 87 · 2014: 71 · 2013: 70 · 2012: 80
- FWCI
- 5.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal Of Clinical Periodontology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Oral Surgery › Dental Implant Techniques and Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Oral microbiology and periodontitis research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Urology › Periodontal Regeneration and Treatments
- Keywords
- peri-implant disease, peri-implant mucositis, peri-implantitis, prevalence, dental implants, implant failure, periodontal disease
- MeSH terms
- Cross-Sectional Studies, Europe, Gingivitis, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Periodontitis, Dental Implants, Prevalence
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
