Cytokines and immunity to viral infections
Open accessAbstract
Summary: In this review, we discuss two broad approaches we have taken to study the role of cytokines and chemokines in antiviral immunity. Firstly, recombinant vaccinia viruses were engineered to exit encoding cytokines and chemokines of interest. Potent antiviral activity was mediated by many of these encoded factors, including IL‐2, IL12. IFN‐γ. TNF‐α. CD40L. Mig and Crg‐2, In some cases, liosi defense mechanisms were induced (IL‐2, IL‐t2. Mig and Crg‐2), whilst for others, a direct antiviral effect was demonstrated (IFN‐γ. TNF‐α and CD40L), In sharp contrast, vector‐directed expression of IL 4, a type 2 factor, greatly increased virus virulence, due 10 a downregulation of host type 1 immune responses. Our second experimental approach involved the use of strains of mice deficient for the production of particular cytokines or their receptors, often in combination with our engineered viruses. Mice deficient in either IFN‐γ, IFN‐γR, IFN‐α/βR, TNFFRs, CD40 or IL‐6 were, in general, highly susceptible to poxvirus infection. Surprisingly, not only the TNFR1, but also the TNFR2, was able to mediate the antiviral effects of TNF‐α in viv, whilst the antiviral activity observed following CD40‐CD40L interaction is a newly defined function which may involve apoptosis of infected cells. Through the use of perforin‐deficient mice, we were able to demonstrate a requirement for this molecule in the clearance of some viruses. such as ectromelia virus, whilst for others, such as vaccinia virus, perforin was less important but IFN‐γ was essential.
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Mucins play an important role in bacterial adherence and act as receptors for various bacteria, including P. aeruginosa, H. influenzae, and S. aureus.
“Mucins also play an important role in bacterial adherence and act as receptors for various bacteria, including P. aeruginosa (228), H. influenzae (39), and S. aureus (262).”
From The airway epithelium: soldier in the fight against respiratory viruses (2011) · cites this paper as [228]
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- Authors
- Ramshaw, I. A., Ramsay, A. J., Karupiah, G., Rolph, M. S., Mahalingam, S., & Ruby, J. C.
- Affiliations
- Australian National University (AU)
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology (DE)
- The University of Melbourne (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Ramshaw, Ian A.
- Venue
- Immunological Reviews
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1997-10
- Volume
- 159
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 119-135
- ISSN
- 0105-2896 (ISSN-L)
- 1600-065X
- OpenAlex
- W1978298935
- Cited by
- 257
- References
- 94
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 2.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- figshare.com
- Locations
- Immunological Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Virology › Poxvirus research and outbreaks
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › interferon and immune responses
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cytokine Signaling Pathways and Interactions
- Keywords
- cytokines, chemokines, antiviral immunity, vaccinia virus, interleukin-2, IL-12, interferon-gamma, TNF-α, CD40 ligand, MIG, IL-4, type 1 immune response, TNF receptor 1, TNF receptor 2, perforin, ectromelia virus, viral virulence
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Humans, Immunity, Nitric Oxide, Virus Diseases, Gene Expression, Cytokines, Mice, Knockout, Mice
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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