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Cited by 36Indoor Air Quality and Microbial ExposureEnergy and Environment ImpactsAir Quality and Health Impacts

Sources of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in New Zealand homes: findings from a community randomized controlled trial of heater substitutions

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Gillespie-Bennett, J., Pierse, N., Wickens, K., Crane, J., Nicholls, S., Shields, D., Boulic, M., Viggers, H. +4 more·2008·Indoor Air
DOI 10.1111/j.1600-0668.2008.00554.x
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Abstract

UNLABELLED: Houses in New Zealand have inadequate space heating and a third of households use unflued gas heaters. As part of a large community intervention trial to improve space heating, we replaced ineffective heaters with more effective, non-polluting heaters. This paper assesses the contribution of heating and household factors to indoor NO2 in almost 350 homes and reports on the reduction in NO2 levels due to heater replacement. Homes using unflued gas heaters had more than three times the level of NO2 in living rooms [geometric mean ratio (GMR) = 3.35, 95% CI: 2.83-3.96, P < 0.001] than homes without unflued gas heaters, whereas homes using gas stove-tops had significantly elevated living room NO2 levels (GMR = 1.42, 95% CI: 1.05-1.93, P = 0.02). Homes with heat pumps, flued gas heating, or enclosed wood burners had significantly lower levels of NO2 in living areas and bedrooms. In homes that used unflued gas heaters as their main form of heating at baseline, the intervention was associated with a two-third (67%) reduction in NO2 levels in living rooms, when compared with homes that continued to use unflued gas heaters. Reducing the use of unflued gas heating would substantially lower NO2 exposure in New Zealand homes. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: Understanding the factors influencing indoor NO2 levels is critical for the assessment and control of indoor air pollution. This study found that homes that used unflued gas combustion appliances for heating and cooking had higher NO2 levels compared with homes where other fuels were used. These findings require institutional incentives to increase the use of more effective, less polluting fuels, particularly in the home environment.

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Crossref · 10.1111/j.1600-0668.2008.00554.x

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  • The Housing, Heating and Health Study replaced unsafe, portable unflued gas heaters in the homes of 409 children with asthma, and homes in the intervention group subsequently had significantly lower levels of NO2 in both living areas and children's bedrooms.

    “Homes in the intervention group subsequently had significantly lower levels of NO2 in both living areas and children's bedrooms (52).”

    From Review of the Impact of Housing Quality on Inequalities in Health and Well-Being (2023) · cites this paper as [52]

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Authors
Gillespie-Bennett, J., Pierse, N., Wickens, K., Crane, J., Nicholls, S., Shields, D., Boulic, M., Viggers, H., Baker, M., Woodward, A., Howden-Chapman, P., & The Housing, H.
Affiliations
  • University of Otago (NZ)
  • University of Auckland (NZ)
ORCID
Venue
Indoor Air
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2008-12
Volume
18
Issue
6
Pages
521-528
ISSN
  • 0905-6947 (ISSN-L)
  • 1600-0668
DOI
10.1111/j.1600-0668.2008.00554.x
OpenAlex
W2064342413
Cited by
36
References
34
Citations by year
2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 2 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 2
FWCI
2.07
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Indoor Air (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Open Access Victoria University of Wellington | Te Herenga Waka (Figshare) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • Victoria University of Wellington
Funders
Health Research Council of New Zealand
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Indoor Air Quality and Microbial Exposure
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Energy and Environment Impacts
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Air Quality and Health Impacts
Keywords
nitrogen dioxide, indoor air pollution, space heating, gas stoves, heat pumps, household fuel choice
MeSH terms
Heating, Housing, Humans, New Zealand, Nitrogen Dioxide, Air Pollution, Indoor

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