Effect of HAART on salivary gland function in the Women's Interagency HIV Study (WIHS)
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: To determine the impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on salivary gland function in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive women from the Women's Interagency HIV Study (WIHS). DESIGN: Longitudinal cohort study. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A total of 668 HIV positive women from the WIHS cohort with an initial and at least one follow-up oral sub-study visit contributed 5358 visits. Salivary gland function was assessed based on a dry mouth questionnaire, whole unstimulated and stimulated salivary flow rates, salivary gland enlargement or tenderness and lack of saliva on palpation of the major salivary glands. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Changes in unstimulated and stimulated flow rates at any given visit from that of the immediate prior visit (continuous variables). The development of self-reported dry mouth (present/absent), enlargement or tenderness of salivary glands (present/absent), and absence of secretion on palpation of the salivary glands were binary outcomes (yes/no). RESULTS: Protease Inhibitor (PI) based HAART was a significant risk factor for developing decreased unstimulated (P = 0.01) and stimulated (P = 0.0004) salivary flow rates as well as salivary gland enlargement (P = 0.006) as compared with non-PI based HAART. CONCLUSIONS: PI-based HAART therapy is a significant risk factor for developing reduced salivary flow rates and salivary gland enlargement in HIV positive patients.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Several diseases that share both disproportionately high rates of vascular disease and PH, including Sjögren's and systemic sclerosis, HIV, and cystic fibrosis, also feature dysregulated salivary flow and altered oral microbial populations.
“Significantly, several diseases that share both disproportionately high rates of vascular disease and PH, including Sjögren's and systemic sclerosis[294–297], HIV[7,11], and cystic fibrosis[298] also feature dysregulated salivary flow[299–302] and altered oral microbial populations[224,303–306].”
From Enterosalivary nitrate metabolism and the microbiome: Intersection of microbial metabolism, nitric oxide and diet in cardiac and pulmonary vascular health (2017) · cites this paper as [300]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
A decade of molecular biology of retinoic acid receptors
Chambon, P. (1996) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fasebj.10.9.8801176 · Cited by 2,889 · cited 1× · see citing works
“CRABP-1 carries retinoic acid (Li & Norris, 1996) which, when isomerized to cis-9-retinoic acid, activates nuclear retinoid X receptor-α-peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) complex known to regulate adipocyte proliferation and differentiation (Chambon, 1996, Tontonoz et al., 1995).”
BackgroundCarr, A., Samaras, K., Burton, S., Law, M. G., Freund, J., Chisholm, D. J., & Cooper, D. A. (1998) · AIDS · doi:10.1097/00002030-199807000-00003 · Cited by 2,364 · see citing works
The Womenʼs Interagency HIV Study
Barkan, S. E., Melnick, S. L., Preston‐Martin, S., Weber, K. M., Kalish, L. A., Miotti, P., Young, M., Greenblatt, R. M., Sacks, H. S., & Feldman, J. G. (1998) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/00001648-199803000-00004 · Cited by 814 · see citing works
Do We Still Need a Cohort Study of Women with HIV Infection?
&NA; (1998) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/00001648-199803000-00001 · Cited by 730 · see citing works
Antiretroviral Treatment for Adult HIV Infection in 2002
Yéni, P., Hammer, S. M., Carpenter, C. C. J., Cooper, D. A., Fischl, M. A., Gatell, J. M., Gazzard, B., Hirsch, M., Jacobsen, D. M., Katzenstein, D. A., et al. (2002) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.288.2.222 · Cited by 705 · see citing works
Dawes, C. (1987) · Journal of Dental Research · doi:10.1177/00220345870660s107 · Cited by 570 · see citing works
Tontonoz, P., Hu, E., & Spiegelman, B. M. (1995) · Current Opinion in Genetics & Development · doi:10.1016/0959-437x(95)80025-5 · Cited by 459 · see citing works
Rohlmann, A., Gotthardt, M., Hammer, R. E., & Herz, J. (1998) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci1240 · Cited by 455 · see citing works
Itescu, S., Brancato, L. J., Buxbaum, J., et al. (1990) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-112-1-3 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
Patton, L. L., McKaig, R. G., Strauss, R. P., et al. (2000) · Oral Surgery Oral Medicine Oral Pathology Oral Radiology and Endodontology · doi:10.1016/s1079-2104(00)70092-8 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
Ship, J. A., Fox, P. C., & Baum, B. J. (1991) · The Journal of the American Dental Association · doi:10.14219/jada.archive.1991.0098 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy on frequency of oral warts
Greenspan, D., Canchola, A. J., MacPhail, L. A., et al. (2001) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(00)04578-5 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Self-citationSchmidt‐Westhausen, A. M., Priepke, F., Bergmann, F., et al. (2000) · Journal of Oral Pathology and Medicine · doi:10.1034/j.1600-0714.2000.290708.x · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Prevalence and classification of HIV‐associated oral lesions
Patton, L. L., Phelan, J. A., Ramos‐Gomez, F., Nittayananta, W., Shiboski, C., & Mbuguye, T. N. L. (2002) · Oral Diseases · doi:10.1034/j.1601-0825.2002.00020.x · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Self-citationRamírez‐Amador, V., Esquivel‐Pedraza, L., Sierra-Madero, J. G., Anaya‐Saavedra, G., González-Ramírez, I., & Ponce‐de‐León, S. (2003) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/00005792-200301000-00004 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Ceballos‐Salobreña, A., Gaitán-Cepeda, L. A., Ceballos, L., et al. (2000) · AIDS Patient Care and STDs · doi:10.1089/10872910050206540 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Neutropenia in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
Levine, A. M., Karim, R., Mack, W. J., Gravink, D. J., Anastos, K., Young, M., Cohen, M. H., Newman, M. D., Augenbraun, M. H., Gange, S. J., et al. (2006) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.166.4.405 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Self-citation. . . from the 40th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.
Mouton, Y. (2000) · PubMed · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Schiødt, M., Greenspan, D., Daniels, T. E., et al. (1989) · Journal of Autoimmunity · doi:10.1016/0896-8411(89)90170-4 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Self-citationOral signs and symptoms in 160 Greek HIV‐infected patients
Laskaris, G. C., Hadjivassiliou, M., & Stratigos, J. D. (1992) · Journal of Oral Pathology and Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0714.1992.tb00994.x · Cited by 115 · see citing works
The epidemiology of the oral lesions of HIV infection in the developed world
Js, G., & Greenspan, D. (2002) · Oral Diseases · doi:10.1034/j.1601-0825.2002.00009.x · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Self-citationStructure/Function of Cytoplasmic Vitamin A-Binding Proteins
Li, E., & Norris, A. W. (1996) · Annual Review of Nutrition · doi:10.1146/annurev.nu.16.070196.001225 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Effect of PI‐HAART on the prevalence of oral lesions in HIV‐1 infected patients. A Greek study
Nicolatou‐Galitis, O., Velegraki, A., Paikos, S., et al. (2004) · Oral Diseases · doi:10.1046/j.1601-0825.2003.00994.x · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Changing spectrum of the diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome
Basu, D., Williams, F. M., Ahn, C. W., et al. (2006) · Arthritis Care & Research · doi:10.1002/art.21980 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Orofacial effects of antiretroviral therapies
Scully, C. M., & Dios, P. D. (2001) · Oral Diseases · doi:10.1034/j.1601-0825.2001.70401.x · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Ramos‐Gomez, F., Flaitz, C. M., Catapano, P., et al. (1999) · PubMed · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Navazesh, M., Mulligan, R., Komaroff, E., et al. (2000) · Journal of Dental Research · doi:10.1177/00220345000790071201 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Self-citationParotid gland involvement in advanced AIDS
Vargas, P. A., Mauad, T., Böhm, G. M., et al. (2003) · Oral Diseases · doi:10.1034/j.1601-0825.2003.02868.x · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Oral manifestations in HIV infection: fungal and bacterial infections, Kaposi's sarcoma
Reichart, P. A. (2003) · Medical Microbiology and Immunology · doi:10.1007/s00430-002-0175-5 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Navazesh, M., Mulligan, R., Barrón, Y., et al. (2003) · Oral Surgery Oral Medicine Oral Pathology Oral Radiology and Endodontology · doi:10.1067/moe.2003.230 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Self-citationSilverberg, M. J., Gore, M. E., French, A. L., Gandhi, M., Glesby, M. J., Kovács, A., Wilson, T. E., Young, M. A., & Gange, S. J. (2004) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/423181 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Oral defense mechanisms are impaired early in HIV-1 infected patients.
Yeh, C., Fox, P. C., Ship, J. A., et al. (1988) · PubMed · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Ioachim, H. L., Ryan, J. R., & Blaugrund, S. M. (1988) · PubMed · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Alteration in Salivary Function in Early HIV Infection
Lin, A., Johnson, D. A., Stephan, K. T., et al. (2003) · Journal of Dental Research · doi:10.1177/154405910308200912 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Parotid enlargement in children seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus: imaging findings.
Soberman, N., Leonidas, J. C., Berdon, W. E., et al. (1991) · American Journal of Roentgenology · doi:10.2214/ajr.157.3.1651645 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Mulligan, R., Phelan, J. A., Brunelle, J. A., Redford, M., Pogoda, J. M., Nelson, E., Seirawan, H., Greenspan, J. S., Navazesh, M., Greenspan, D., et al. (2004) · Community Dentistry And Oral Epidemiology · doi:10.1111/j.0301-5661.2004.00128.x · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationMandel, L., & Surattanont, F. (2002) · Oral Surgery Oral Medicine Oral Pathology Oral Radiology and Endodontology · doi:10.1067/moe.2002.126025 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Vicandi, B., Jiménez-Heffernan, J. A., López‐Ferrer, P., et al. (1999) · Acta Cytologica · doi:10.1159/000330987 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Less common oral lesions associated with HIV infection: Prevalence and classification
Schiødt, M. (1997) · Oral Diseases · doi:10.1111/j.1601-0825.1997.tb00362.x · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Paucity of Sjogren-like syndrome in a cohort of HIV-1-positive patients in the HAART era. Part II
Panayiotakopoulos, G. D. (2003) · British journal of rheumatology · doi:10.1093/rheumatology/keg316 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
HIV-ASSOCIATED PAROTID LYMPHOEPITHELIAL CYSTS
MANDEL, L., & HONG, J. (1999) · The Journal of the American Dental Association · doi:10.14219/jada.archive.1999.0247 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Immunocytochemical identification of HIV (p24) antigen in parotid lymphoid lesions
Bruner, J. M., Cleary, K. R., Smith, F., et al. (1989) · The Journal of Laryngology & Otology · doi:10.1017/s0022215100110990 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Salivary secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor increases in HIV infection*
Lin, A. L., Johnson, D. A., Stephan, K. T., et al. (2004) · Journal of Oral Pathology and Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0714.2004.00218.x · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Oral Manifestations of Pediatric Vertical HIV Infection
Kozinetz, C. A., Carter, A. B., Simon, C., et al. (2000) · AIDS Patient Care and STDs · doi:10.1089/108729100318028 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Olivé, A., Salavert, A., Manríquez, M., Clotet, B., & MORAGAS, A. (1998) · Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases · doi:10.1136/ard.57.12.749 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Lin, A. L., Johnson, D. A., Sims, C. A., et al. (2006) · Oral Surgery Oral Medicine Oral Pathology Oral Radiology and Endodontology · doi:10.1016/j.tripleo.2005.07.021 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Cystic Lymphoepithelial Lesions of the Parotid Gland In HIV-1 Infection
Uccini, S., D’Offizi, G., Angelici, A., et al. (2000) · AIDS Patient Care and STDs · doi:10.1089/108729100317920 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
US1 HIV – changing patterns in HAART era, patients’ quality of life and occupational risks
Reichart, P. A. (2006) · Oral Diseases · doi:10.1111/j.1601-0825.2006.01306_12.x · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Kravcik, S. (2000) · HIV Clinical Trials · doi:10.1310/3hhb-59up-93mm-aaxy · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: manifestations in the oral cavity.
Urízar, J. M. A., Echebarría-Goicouría, M. A., & Eguia, A. (2004) · PubMed · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Saliva: A Fountain of Opportunity
Navazesh, M., Denny, P., & Sobel, S. (2002) · Journal of the California Dental Association · doi:10.1080/19424396.2002.12223320 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Salivary hypofunction: An update on aetiology, diagnosis and therapeutics
Saleh, J., Figueiredo, M. A. Z., Cherubini, K., & Salum, F. G. (2015) · Archives of Oral Biology · doi:10.1016/j.archoralbio.2014.10.004 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Koch, C. D., Gladwin, M. T., Freeman, B. A., Lundberg, J. O., Weitzberg, E., & Morris, A. (2017) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.12.015 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
López-Verdín, S., Andrade-Villanueva, J., Zamora-Perez, A. L., Bologna-Molina, R., Cervantes-Cabrera, J. J., & Molina-Frechero, N. (2013) · AIDS Research and Treatment · doi:10.1155/2013/613278 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
- Authors
- Navazesh, M., Mulligan, R., Karim, R., Mack, W., Ram, S., Seirawan, H., Greenspan, J., Greenspan, D., Phelan, J., Alves, M., & The Oral Substudy of the WIHS Collaborative Study Group
- Affiliations
- University of Southern California (US)
- Corresponding author
- Navazesh, M
- Venue
- Oral Diseases
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2008-12-10
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 52-60
- ISSN
- 1354-523X (ISSN-L)
- 1601-0825
- PMC
- PMC2644059
- OpenAlex
- W1967984274
- Cited by
- 55
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 2 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 2.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Oral Diseases (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Cancer Institute
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (U01 AI42590, U01-AI-31834, U01AI034989, U01AI031834, U01AI042590, U01-AI-34993, U01AI34994, U01AI034993, U01-AI-34989, U01AI034994, U-01-AI-35004, U01AI035004)
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (U01- HD-32632, U01HD032632)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › HIV/AIDS oral health manifestations
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Salivary Gland Disorders and Functions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Emergency Medicine › HIV-related health complications and treatments
- Keywords
- highly active antiretroviral therapy, HIV, salivary gland function, salivary flow rate, xerostomia, protease inhibitors, salivary gland enlargement, women
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Female, Follow-Up Studies, HIV, HIV Seropositivity, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, RNA, Viral, Saliva, Salivary Glands, Secretory Rate, Sialadenitis, Xerostomia, Cohort Studies, HIV Protease Inhibitors, CD4 Lymphocyte Count, Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors, Anti-HIV Agents, Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active, HIV Reverse Transcriptase, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
