Sex Hormone Levels, Genetic Androgen Receptor Polymorphism, and Anxiety in ≥50-Year-Old Males
Abstract
Introduction: While associations between somatic changes and sex hormone levels in aging men have been explored in many studies, the association of testosterone and estradiol with psychic symptoms other than depression and the role of the genetically determined CAG repeat (CAGn) polymorphism of the androgen receptor (AR) have received much less attention. Aim: The purpose of this article is to investigate the associations between general anxiety, phobic anxiety and panic with sex hormone levels and the genetic androgen receptor polymorphism in aging males. Methods: This cross-sectional study of males aged ≥50 years included 120 consecutive patients of the Department of Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, 76 consecutive patients of the Andrology Clinic, and 100 participants from the general population; all of them completed the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI), the Aging Males’ Symptoms (AMS) Scale, and the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). Morning blood samples were analyzed for total and free testosterone, estradiol, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), and the CAGn AR polymorphism. Psychosomatic patients also underwent psychiatric assessment. Main Outcome Measures: Scores on the Anxiety subscales of the BSI and PHQ, Anxiety disorders according to International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision (ICD-10). Results: The two clinical samples had significantly longer CAGn of the AR and higher anxiety levels compared to the population sample. Anxiety scores were positively correlated with CAGn in psychosomatic patients and in andrological patients, in the latter also with estradiol levels, while the population sample showed no significant correlations between anxiety scores, CAGn and sex hormones. Anxiety cases according to BSI, PHQ, and ICD-10 had significantly longer CAGn of the AR when compared to the other participants, but there were no significant differences in testosterone or free testosterone levels. Conclusions: Our results indicate that genetically determined long CAGn of the AR is an independent risk factor for higher anxiety, panic and phobic anxiety levels.
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Studies of CAG repeats and hypogonadal symptoms found findings similar to those in men with low testosterone, including depressed mood, anxiety, impaired spermatogenesis, and loss of bone mineral density.
“Results demonstrated findings similar to those observed in men with low T, including depressed mood, anxiety, impaired spermatogenesis, and loss of bone mineral density (BMD), among others.”
From Challenges in Testosterone Measurement, Data Interpretation, and Methodological Appraisal of Interventional Trials (2016) · cites this paper as [33]
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- Authors
- Schneider, G., Nienhaus, K., Gromoll, J., Heuft, G., Nieschlag, E., & Zitzmann, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Münster (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Schneider, Gudrun
- Venue
- The Journal of Sexual Medicine
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2011-12-01
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 3452-3464
- ISSN
- 1743-6095 (ISSN-L)
- 1743-6109
- OpenAlex
- W1904168938
- Cited by
- 32
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 1 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 3.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model (vor)
- Locations
- The Journal of Sexual Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hormonal and reproductive studies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Sexual Differentiation and Disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Keywords
- androgen receptor, CAG repeat polymorphism, anxiety, phobic anxiety, panic, sex hormones, testosterone, estradiol, sex hormone-binding globulin, older men, genetic risk factors, psychosomatic patients
- MeSH terms
- Age Factors, Aging, Androgens, Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, Cross-Sectional Studies, Estradiol, Health Status Indicators, Humans, Erectile Dysfunction, Male, Middle Aged, Phobic Disorders, Polymorphism, Genetic, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Receptors, Androgen, Statistics as Topic, Testosterone, Panic Disorder, Self Report
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