The DOI matches its Crossref record; 15 of the 15 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
BEHAVIORAL MANAGEMENT AND TASK PERFORMANCE IN ORGANIZATIONS: CONCEPTUAL BACKGROUND, META‐ANALYSIS, AND TEST OF ALTERNATIVE MODELS
Abstract
In this study, we provide the conceptual background, meta‐analyze available behavioral management studies (N= 72) in organizational settings, and examine whether combined reinforcement effects on task performance are additive (sum of individual effects), redundant (combined effects are less than the additive effects), or synergistic (combined effects are greater than the sum of the individual effects). We found a significant overall average effect size of (d.) = .47 (16% improvement in performance; 63% probability of success), and a significant within‐group heterogeneity of effect sizes. To account for this variation, we conducted a theory‐driven moderator analysis, which indicated that money, feedback, and social recognition each had a significant impact on task performance. However, when these 3 reinforcers were used in combination, they produced the strongest (synergistic) effect on task performance. Based on our findings, we offer directions for future research, and suggestions for effective application of behavioral management at work.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Self-efficacy: The exercise of control
Bandura, A., Freeman, W. H., & Lightsey, R. (1999) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/0889-8391.13.2.158 · Cited by 46,835
A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance
Festinger, L. (1957) · doi:10.1515/9781503620766 · Cited by 24,241
Affect and Cognition Based Trust as Foundations for Interpersonal Cooperation in Organizations
McAllister, D. J. (1995) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.2307/256727 · Cited by 7,346
Kluger, A. N., & DeNisi, A. (1996) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.119.2.254 · Cited by 5,882
Distribution Theory for Glass's Estimator of Effect Size and Related Estimators
Hedges, L. V. (1981) · Journal of Educational Statistics · doi:10.2307/1164588 · Cited by 5,695
Methods of Meta-Analysis: Correcting Error and Bias in Research Findings
Schmidt, F. L., & Hunter, J. E. (2015) · doi:10.4135/9781483398105 · Cited by 5,542
Meta-Analytic Procedures for Social Research
Rosenthal, R. (1991) · doi:10.4135/9781412984997 · Cited by 4,635
Harter, J. K., Schmidt, F. L., & Hayes, T. L. (2002) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.87.2.268 · Cited by 4,623
Schmidt, F. L., & Hunter, J. E. (1998) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037//0033-2909.124.2.262 · Cited by 4,180
Effects of externally mediated rewards on intrinsic motivation.
Deci, E. L. (1971) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0030644 · Cited by 4,170
Cited by
Positive Interactions Promote Public Cooperation
Rand, D. G., Dreber, A., Ellingsen, T., Fudenberg, D., & Nowak, M. A. (2009) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1177418 · Cited by 715
A meta‐analytic investigation of the relationship between HRM bundles and firm performance
Subramony, M. (2009) · Human Resource Management · doi:10.1002/hrm.20315 · Cited by 734
de Treville, S., & Antonakis, J. (2006) · Journal of Operations Management · doi:10.1016/j.jom.2005.04.001 · Cited by 549
Delery, J. E., & Roumpi, D. (2017) · Human Resource Management Journal · doi:10.1111/1748-8583.12137 · Cited by 526
Do intrinsic and extrinsic motivation relate differently to employee outcomes?
Kuvaas, B., Buch, R., Weibel, A., Dysvik, A., & Nerstad, C. G. L. (2017) · Journal of Economic Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.joep.2017.05.004 · Cited by 485
Metadata
- Authors
- STAJKOVIC, A. D., & LUTHANS, F.
- Venue
- Personnel Psychology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2003-03
- Volume
- 56
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 155-194
- ISSN
- 0031-5826 (ISSN-L)
- 1744-6570
- OpenAlex
- W2078255706
- Cited by
- 372
- References
- 15
- FWCI
- 12.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: BEHAVIORAL MANAGEMENT AND TASK PERFORMANCE IN ORGANIZATIONS: CONCEPTUAL BACKGROUND, META‐ANALYSIS, AND TEST OF ALTERNATIVE MODELS. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2003.tb00147.x
- The paper
- STAJKOVIC, A. D., & LUTHANS, F. (2003). BEHAVIORAL MANAGEMENT AND TASK PERFORMANCE IN ORGANIZATIONS: CONCEPTUAL BACKGROUND, META‐ANALYSIS, AND TEST OF ALTERNATIVE MODELS. Personnel Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2003.tb00147.x
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
