DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS OF EFFECTIVE AND INEFFECTIVE AFTER‐SCHOOL PROGRAMS TO PREVENT DELINQUENCY AND VICTIMIZATION*
Abstract
Research Summary: Using multi‐level modeling techniques, this study explores characteristics of 35 after‐school programs (ASPs) that criminological research and theory predict should be related to problem behavior outcomes. Controlling for individual‐level predictors of problem behavior and for the composition of the participating ASPs, several ASP characteristics were found to be related, as predicted, to victimization, substance use, and delinquent behavior. Policy Implications: This study extended previous findings that providing structured programming and small program size are important for reducing problem behavior through ASPs. Our study also found that two characteristics of the program staff are related to reductions in problem behavior: More highly educated staff and a higher percentage male staff were related to reductions in levels of both delinquent behavior and victimization. The study concludes that program structure, staffing, and size are important in producing more positive behavioral outcomes.
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Recreation instructors often have personal experience but may not have recognized certification or qualifications, may not be familiar with current pedagogy practices, and as a result children may not experience high quality programming.
“The instructor often has personal experience participating in the activity, but may not necessarily have recognized certification or qualifications to instruct it.Instructors may not be familiar with current pedagogy practices and as a result, children may not experience high quality programming (Cross et al., 2010;Gottfredson et al., 2007;Lerner et al., 2005;Zarrett et al., 2008).”
From Developing an Intentionally Designed Physical Activity Model of Programming for Children’s Structured Recreation in Canada (2022) · cites this paper as Gottfredson et al., 2007
Many physical activity programs in the recreation sector are mainly developed based on convenience and instructor availability rather than on established credentials and current pedagogy practices.
“Such pathways of intentionally designed models fail to exist in the recreation sector where many physical activity (PA) programs are mainly developed based on convenience and instructor availability rather than on established credentials and current pedagogy practices.”
From Developing an Intentionally Designed Physical Activity Model of Programming for Children’s Structured Recreation in Canada (2022) · cites this paper as Gottfredson et al., 2007
Cites
Social Change and Crime Rate Trends: A Routine Activity Approach
Cohen, L. E., & Felson, M. (1979) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2094589 · Cited by 8,856 · see citing works
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Kremer, K. P., Maynard, B. R., Polanin, J. R., Vaughn, M. G., & Sarteschi, C. M. (2015) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-014-0226-4 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Cross, A. B., Gottfredson, D. C., Wilson, D. M., Rorie, M., & Connell, N. (2009) · Criminology & Public Policy · doi:10.1111/j.1745-9133.2009.00555.x · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citationVan Wyk, N., Taylor McCallum, N., & Katz, L. (2022) · Journal of Park and Recreation Administration · doi:10.18666/jpra-2021-10910 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
- Authors
- GOTTFREDSON, D. C., CROSS, A., & SOULÉ, D. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Maryland, College Park (US)
- Venue
- Criminology & Public Policy
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2007-05
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 289-318
- ISSN
- 1538-6473 (ISSN-L)
- 1745-9133
- OpenAlex
- W2141691905
- Cited by
- 65
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 18.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Criminology & Public Policy (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Crime Patterns and Interventions
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Youth Development and Social Support
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Keywords
- after-school programs, juvenile delinquency prevention, victimization, substance use, program characteristics, program staffing, employee training, program size, structured programming, program effectiveness
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