Cited by 1,715Stress Responses and CortisolResilience and Mental HealthHealth, psychology, and well-being

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Central role of the brain in stress and adaptation: Links to socioeconomic status, health, and disease

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McEwen, Bruce S., Gianaros, Peter J.·2010·Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

DOI 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05331.xPMC PMC2864527

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Abstract

The brain is the key organ of stress reactivity, coping, and recovery processes. Within the brain, a distributed neural circuitry determines what is threatening and thus stressful to the individual. Instrumental brain systems of this circuitry include the hippocampus, amygdala, and areas of the prefrontal cortex. Together, these systems regulate physiological and behavioral stress processes, which can be adaptive in the short‐term and maladaptive in the long‐term. Importantly, such stress processes arise from bidirectional patterns of communication between the brain and the autonomic, cardiovascular, and immune systems via neural and endocrine mechanisms underpinning cognition, experience, and behavior. In one respect, these bidirectional stress mechanisms are protective in that they promote short‐term adaptation ( allostasis ). In another respect, however, these stress mechanisms can lead to a long‐term dysregulation of allostasis in that they promote maladaptive wear‐and‐tear on the body and brain under chronically stressful conditions ( allostatic load ), compromising stress resiliency and health. This review focuses specifically on the links between stress‐related processes embedded within the social environment and embodied within the brain, which is viewed as the central mediator and target of allostasis and allostatic load.

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“Stress is traditionally conceptualized as a dynamic process triggered by actual or perceived environmental demands, which may be evaluated as either threatening or benign based on the individual ’ s available coping resources (9).”

Authors: McEwen, B. S., & Gianaros, P. J.
Affiliations: Rockefeller University (US)
University of Pittsburgh (US)
Corresponding author: McEwen, Bruce S.
ORCID: McEwen, Bruce S.
Gianaros, Peter J.
Venue: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2010-02
Volume: 1186
Issue: 1
Pages: 190-222
ISSN: 0077-8923 (ISSN-L)
1749-6632
DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05331.x
PMC: PMC2864527
OpenAlex: W1686749590
Cited by: 1,715
References: 331
Citations by year: 2026: 99 · 2025: 117 · 2024: 91 · 2023: 101 · 2022: 135 · 2021: 120 · 2020: 138 · 2019: 109 · 2018: 98 · 2017: 117 · 2016: 102 · 2015: 111 · 2014: 100 · 2013: 89 · 2012: 95
FWCI: 7.70
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 15 d)
Locations: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation
National Institutes of Health (MH41256, MH58911)
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL089850)
National Institute of Mental Health (5P01 MH58911, K01MH070616, R01 MH41256, P50MH058911, R01MH041256)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Resilience and Mental Health
Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health, psychology, and well-being
Keywords: stress, allostasis, allostatic load, socioeconomic status, stress reactivity, coping, hippocampus, amygdala, prefrontal cortex, stress resilience, neuroimmune interactions, chronic stress, health and disease, social environment
MeSH terms: Adaptation, Physiological, Amygdala, Brain, Health Status, Hippocampus, Humans, Social Class, Stress, Physiological, Allostasis

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Central role of the brain in stress and adaptation: Links to socioeconomic status, health, and disease

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