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Central role of the brain in stress and adaptation: Links to socioeconomic status, health, and disease
Open accessAbstract
The brain is the key organ of stress reactivity, coping, and recovery processes. Within the brain, a distributed neural circuitry determines what is threatening and thus stressful to the individual. Instrumental brain systems of this circuitry include the hippocampus, amygdala, and areas of the prefrontal cortex. Together, these systems regulate physiological and behavioral stress processes, which can be adaptive in the short‐term and maladaptive in the long‐term. Importantly, such stress processes arise from bidirectional patterns of communication between the brain and the autonomic, cardiovascular, and immune systems via neural and endocrine mechanisms underpinning cognition, experience, and behavior. In one respect, these bidirectional stress mechanisms are protective in that they promote short‐term adaptation ( allostasis ). In another respect, however, these stress mechanisms can lead to a long‐term dysregulation of allostasis in that they promote maladaptive wear‐and‐tear on the body and brain under chronically stressful conditions ( allostatic load ), compromising stress resiliency and health. This review focuses specifically on the links between stress‐related processes embedded within the social environment and embodied within the brain, which is viewed as the central mediator and target of allostasis and allostatic load.
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“The autonomic nervous system (ANS) and the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis) are considered the two main stress response systems of humans (9, 10).”
From Physiological attunement and flourishing: understanding the influence of relationships on health (2025) · cites this paper as [9]
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“exposure to chronic stress during early development has lasting effects on stress responses (see McEwen & Gianaros 2010 for a review)”
From Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems. (2019) · cites this paper as McEwen & Gianaros 2010
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“the brain plays a critical role in appraising stressors, as well as in modulating immune system reactivity to physical and social threat”
From From stress to inflammation and major depressive disorder: A social signal transduction theory of depression. (2014) · cites this paper as McEwen & Gianaros, 2010
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“This idea is formalized in allostatic load theory, which holds that physiological wear and tear result from chronic activation of stress systems (McEwen & Gianaros, 2010; McEwen & Stellar, 1993).”
From Strong Enough to Suffer: Emotional Suppression, Stress Exposure, and Physiological Health Among Men Across the Life Course (2026) · cites this paper as McEwen & Gianaros, 2010
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Metadata
- Authors
- McEwen, B. S., & Gianaros, P. J.
- Affiliations
- Rockefeller University (US)
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Corresponding author
- McEwen, Bruce S.
- Venue
- Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2010-02
- Volume
- 1186
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 190-222
- ISSN
- 0077-8923 (ISSN-L)
- 1749-6632
- PMC
- PMC2864527
- OpenAlex
- W1686749590
- Cited by
- 1,715
- References
- 331
- Citations by year
- 2026: 99 · 2025: 117 · 2024: 91 · 2023: 101 · 2022: 135 · 2021: 120 · 2020: 138 · 2019: 109 · 2018: 98 · 2017: 117 · 2016: 102 · 2015: 111 · 2014: 100 · 2013: 89 · 2012: 95
- FWCI
- 7.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation
- National Institutes of Health (MH41256, MH58911)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL089850)
- National Institute of Mental Health (5P01 MH58911, K01MH070616, R01 MH41256, P50MH058911, R01MH041256)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Resilience and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health, psychology, and well-being
- Keywords
- stress, allostasis, allostatic load, socioeconomic status, stress reactivity, coping, hippocampus, amygdala, prefrontal cortex, stress resilience, neuroimmune interactions, chronic stress, health and disease, social environment
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Physiological, Amygdala, Brain, Health Status, Hippocampus, Humans, Social Class, Stress, Physiological, Allostasis
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