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Optimization of β-casein stabilized nanoemulsions using experimental mixture design
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of changing viscosity and glass transition temperature in the continuous phase of nanoemulsion systems on subsequent stability. Formulations comprising of β-casein (2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10% w/w), lactose (0% to 20% w/w), and trehalose (0% to 20% w/w) were generated from Design of Experiments (DOE) software and tested for glass transition temperature and onset of ice-melting temperature in maximally freeze-concentrated state (T(g) ' & T(m) '), and viscosity (μ). Increasing β-casein content resulted in significant (P < 0.0001) increases in viscosity and T(m) ' (P= 0.0003), and significant (P < 0.0001) decreases in T(g) '. A mixture design was used to predict the optimum levels of lactose and trehalose required to attain the minimum and maximum T(g) ' and viscosity in solution at fixed protein contents. These mixtures were used to form the continuous phase of β-casein stabilized nanoemulsions (10% w/w sunflower oil) prepared by microfluidization at 70 MPa. Nanoemulsions were analyzed for T(g) ' & T(m) ', as well as viscosity, mean particle size, and stability. Increasing levels of β-casein (2.5% to 10% w/w) resulted in a significant (P < 0.0001) increase in viscosity (5 to 156 mPa.s), significant increase in particle size (P= 0.0115) from 186 to 199 nm, and significant decrease (P= 0.0001) in T(g) ' (-45 to -50 °C). Increasing the protein content resulted in a significant (P < 0.0001) increase in nanoemulsion stability. A mixture DOE was successfully used to predict glass transition and rheological properties for development of a continuous phase for use in nanoemulsions.
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“Lecithin (phosphatidylcholine) [36], sodium deoxycholate (bile salt) [37], polyoxyethlene sorbitan monolaurate (Tween 20, 40, 60, 80) [38] and sorbitan monolaurate (Span 20, 40, 60, 80) [39] are commonly employed in the preparation of NEs. Other surfactants proposed are poloxamers [40], sodium dodecyl sulfate [41], amphiphilic proteins like casein [42], polysaccharides (starch derivatives, gums) [”
From Nanoemulsions for “Nose-to-Brain” Drug Delivery (2019) · cites this paper as [42]
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Nanoemulsion: Concepts, development and applications in drug delivery
Singh, Y., Meher, J. G., Raval, K., Khan, F. A., Chaurasia, M., Jain, N. K., & Chourasia, M. K. (2017) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.03.008 · Cited by 1,358
Nanoemulsions for “Nose-to-Brain” Drug Delivery
Bonferoni, M. C., Rossi, S., Sandri, G., Ferrari, F., Gavini, E., Rassu, G., & Giunchedi, P. (2019) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics11020084 · Cited by 269
Metadata
- Authors
- Maher, P. G., Fenelon, M. A., Zhou, Y., Kamrul Haque, M., & Roos, Y. H.
- Affiliations
- Teagasc - The Irish Agriculture and Food Development Authority (IE)
- Corresponding author
- Maher, Patrick G.
- Fenelon, Mark A.
- Zhou, Yankun
- Roos, Yrjö H.
- Venue
- Journal of Food Science
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2011-09-19
- Volume
- 76
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- C1108-17
- ISSN
- 0022-1147 (ISSN-L)
- 1750-3841
- OpenAlex
- W2066507915
- Cited by
- 36
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 6 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 4
- FWCI
- 2.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Food Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Proteins in Food Systems
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Pickering emulsions and particle stabilization
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Microencapsulation and Drying Processes
- Keywords
- β-casein, nanoemulsions, glass transition temperature, viscosity, ice melting temperature, lactose, trehalose, continuous phase, microfluidization, sunflower oil, nanoemulsion stability, particle size, mixture design
- MeSH terms
- Caseins, Drug Stability, Emulsions, Lactose, Particle Size, Solutions, Trehalose, Viscosity, Transition Temperature, Phase Transition, Nanoparticles
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