Cited by 148Psychological Well-being and Life SatisfactionIdentity, Memory, and TherapyPersonality Traits and Psychology

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 126 of the 126 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

The True Self and Psychological Health: Emerging Evidence and Future Directions

Schlegel, Rebecca J., Hicks, Joshua A.·2011·Social and Personality Psychology Compass

DOI 10.1111/j.1751-9004.2011.00401.x

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Abstract A variety of philosophical and psychological perspectives converge to suggest that a happy and meaningful life is the product of living in accord with one’s true self. This idea similarly appears throughout literature, film, and folk wisdom. The current paper examines both theoretical and lay conceptions of the true self and reviews the empirical evidence that supports its role in psychological health, with a particular emphasis on current research that demonstrates that both the accessibility and ease of thinking about one’s true self‐concept is associated with the experiences of meaning and satisfaction. The merits of different approaches to defining the true self, measurement issues, and directions for future research are discussed.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1111/j.1751-9004.2011.00401.x

Cites

126 of 126 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in Human Behavior
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985) · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-2271-7 · Cited by 26,772
The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life.
Naegele, K. D., & Goffman, E. (1956) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2089106 · Cited by 26,048
The Principles of Psychology
James, W. (1891) · Personality Culture Society · doi:10.1037/11059-000 · Cited by 25,848
Advances In Experimental Social Psychology
(2022) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(22)x0002-6 · Cited by 22,559
The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life
Goffman, E. (2023) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003320609-59 · Cited by 17,564
Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in Human Behavior
Miller, K. A. J., Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1988) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2070638 · Cited by 15,403
On Happiness and Human Potentials: A Review of Research on Hedonic and Eudaimonic Well-Being
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2001) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.141 · Cited by 11,567
Philosophy in the flesh: the embodied mind and its challenge to Western thought
VEREZA, S. C. (1999) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.37-0239 · Cited by 9,849
Handbook of Positive Psychology
(2001) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195135336.001.0001 · Cited by 9,155
Untitled work
(1979) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 5,872

Show all 125 references

Research works printed but not linked: 16

Bargh J. A., 2000, Handbook of Research Methods in Social Psychology, 253
Becker Ernest., 1971, The Birth and Death of Meaning
deCharms R., 1968, Personal Causation
Costa P. T., 1992, NEO PI‐R. Professional Manual
Deci E. L., 1991, Nebraska Symposium on Motivation: Developmental Perspectives on Motivation, 237
Frankl V. E, 1963, Man’s Search for Meaning
Harter S, 2002, Handbook of Positive Psychology, 382
Macquarrie J., 1972, Existentialism
Rogers C. R, 1959, Psychology: A Study of Science, 184
Rogers C. R., 1961, On Becoming a Person: A Therapists View of Psychotherapy
Ryan R. M, 1993, Nebraska Symposium on Motivation: Developmental Perspectives on Motivation, 1
Schlegel R. J., Perceived Legitimacy in Changes in the Self vs. Others
Schlegel R. J., Self Relevant Metacogniton and Decision Satisfaction
Swann W. B., 1983, Social Psychological Perspectives on the Self, 33
Swann W. B., 1990, Foundations of Social Behavior, 408
Arndt J., 2003, Will the real self‐esteem please stand up? Toward an optimal understanding of the nature, functions, and sources of self‐esteem, Psychology Inquiry, 14, 27

Sorted by citations

What Makes a Human Brand Authentic? Identifying the Antecedents of Celebrity Authenticity
Moulard, J. G., Garrity, C. P., & Rice, D. H. (2015) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.20771 · Cited by 429
Grit and Different Aspects of Well-Being: Direct and Indirect Relationships via Sense of Coherence and Authenticity
Vainio, M. M., & Daukantaité, D. (2015) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-015-9688-7 · Cited by 301
Toward a Social Psychology of Authenticity: Exploring Within-Person Variation in Autonomy, Congruence, and Genuineness Using Self-Determination Theory
Ryan, W. S., & Ryan, R. M. (2019) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/gpr0000162 · Cited by 227
Understanding the Relationship Between Perceived Authenticity and Well-Being
Rivera, G. N., Christy, A. G., Kim, J., Vess, M., Hicks, J. A., & Schlegel, R. J. (2018) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/gpr0000161 · Cited by 208
Self-citation
Sources and motives for personal meaning in adulthood
Fave, A. D., Brdar, I., Wissing, M. P., & Vella‐Brodrick, D. (2013) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2013.830761 · Cited by 135
The Relationship Between Body Image Concerns, Eating Disorders and Internet Use, Part II: An Integrated Theoretical Model
Rodgers, R. F. (2016) · Adolescent Research Review · doi:10.1007/s40894-015-0017-5 · Cited by 112
Authenticity, employee silence, prohibitive voice, and the moderating effect of organizational identification
Knoll, M. S., & van Dick, R. (2013) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2013.804113 · Cited by 111
Sketching the Contours of State Authenticity
Sedikides, C., Lenton, A. P., Slabu, L., & Thomaes, S. C. E. (2018) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/gpr0000156 · Cited by 102
Authenticity as a eudaimonic construct: The relationships among authenticity, values, and valence
Smallenbroek, O., Zelenski, J. M., & Whelan, D. C. (2016) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2016.1187198 · Cited by 85
Authenticity, meaning in life, and life satisfaction: A multicomponent investigation of relationships at the trait and state levels
Lutz, P. K., Newman, D. B., Schlegel, R. J., & Wirtz, D. (2022) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12753 · Cited by 92
Self-citation
The Mindful Self: A Mindfulness-Enlightened Self-view
Xiao, Q., Yue, C., He, W., & Yu, J.-Y. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01752 · Cited by 90
Authenticity in Context: Being True to Working Selves
Chen, S. (2018) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/gpr0000160 · Cited by 72
Coproduction with Autistic Adults: Reflections from the Authentistic Research Collective
Stark, E. A., Ali, D., Ayre, A., Schneider, N., Parveen, S., Marais, K., Holmes, N., & Pender, R. (2020) · Autism in Adulthood · doi:10.1089/aut.2020.0050 · Cited by 74
The importance of awareness, acceptance, and alignment with the self: A framework for understanding self-connection
Klussman, K., Curtin, N., Langer, J., & Nichols, A. (2022) · Europe’s Journal of Psychology · doi:10.5964/ejop.3707 · Cited by 97
It Takes Two to Be Yourself
Knoll, M. S., Meyer, B. M., Kroemer, N. B., & Schröder–Abé, M. (2015) · Journal of Individual Differences · doi:10.1027/1614-0001/a000153 · Cited by 73
Straying From the Righteous Path and From Ourselves
Christy, A. G., Seto, E., Schlegel, R. J., Vess, M., & Hicks, J. A. (2016) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167216665095 · Cited by 61
Self-citation
To Discover or to Create: Metaphors and the True Self
Schlegel, R. J., Vess, M., & Arndt, J. (2011) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2011.00753.x · Cited by 59
Self-citation
Self-concept clarity’s role in meaning in life among American college students: A latent growth approach
Shin, J. Y., Steger, M. F., & Henry, K. L. (2016) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298868.2015.1111844 · Cited by 68
Juggling work and home selves: Low identity integration feels less authentic and increases unethicality
Ebrahimi, M., Kouchaki, M., & Patrick, V. M. (2019) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2019.02.005 · Cited by 55
Disassociating the Agent From the Self
Seto, E., & Hicks, J. A. (2016) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550616653810 · Cited by 55
Self-citation
Thinking about Change in the Self and Others: The Role of Self-Discovery Metaphors and the True Self
Bench, S. W., Schlegel, R. J., Davis, W. E., & Vess, M. (2015) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2015.33.3.2 · Cited by 51
Self-citation
Examining the effect of mindfulness on well-being: self-connection as a mediator
Klussman, K., Curtin, N., Langer, J., & Nichols, A. (2020) · Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology · doi:10.1017/prp.2019.29 · Cited by 47
Authenticity and well-being: exploring positivity and negativity in interactions as a mediator
Baker, Z. G., Tou, R. Y. W., Bryan, J. L., & Knee, C. R. (2017) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2017.03.018 · Cited by 47
The role of work authenticity in linking strengths use to career satisfaction and proactive behavior: a two-wave study
Matsuo, M. (2020) · Career Development International · doi:10.1108/cdi-01-2020-0015 · Cited by 47
The Mediating Effect of Perceived Stress and Moderating Effect of Trust for the Relationship Between Employee Silence and Behavioral Outcomes
Dong, X. T., & Chung, Y. W. (2020) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/0033294120942914 · Cited by 43
Varieties of Conscious Experience and the Subjective Awareness of One’s “True” Self
Vess, M. (2019) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1177/1089268019829471 · Cited by 40
Proposal of a Double Diamond Model of Social Response
Nail, P. R., Domenico, S. I. D., & MacDonald, G. (2013) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0030997 · Cited by 37
True to which self? Lay rationalism and decision satisfaction in self-control conflicts.
Kokkoris, M. D., Hoelzl, E., & Alós‐Ferrer, C. (2019) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000242 · Cited by 37
The Evidence-Based Conceptual Model of Transactional Analysis: A Focused Review of the Research Literature
Vos, J., & van Rijn, B. (2021) · Transactional Analysis Journal · doi:10.1080/03621537.2021.1904364 · Cited by 41
A Longitudinal Study on Motherhood and Well-Being: Developmental and Clinical Implications
Fave, A. D., Pozzo, M., Bassi, M., & Cetin, I. (2013) · Terapia psicológica · doi:10.4067/s0718-48082013000100003 · Cited by 33
Authenticity and inauthenticity in narrative identity
Wilt, J. A., Thomas, S., & McAdams, D. P. (2019) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02178 · Cited by 33
Meaning as inter-connectedness: theoretical perspectives and empirical evidence
Fave, A. D., & Soosai-Nathan, L. (2014) · Journal of Psychology in Africa · doi:10.1080/14330237.2014.904090 · Cited by 38
Authenticity and self-esteem across temporal horizons
Davis, W. E., Hicks, J. A., Schlegel, R. J., Smith, C. M., & Vess, M. (2014) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2014.910830 · Cited by 35
Self-citation
Addiction, Identity, Morality
Earp, B. D., Skorburg, J. A., Everett, J. A. C., & Savulescu, J. (2019) · AJOB Empirical Bioethics · doi:10.1080/23294515.2019.1590480 · Cited by 33
Reflections on the Scientific Study of Meaning in Life
Schlegel, R. J., & Hicks, J. A. (2016) · Journal of Constructivist Psychology · doi:10.1080/10720537.2015.1119080 · Cited by 30
Self-citation
True self-alienation positively predicts reports of mindwandering
Vess, M., Leal, S. A., Hoeldtke, R. T., Schlegel, R. J., & Hicks, J. A. (2016) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2016.08.018 · Cited by 31
Self-citation
Perceiving a Stable Self-Concept Enables the Experience of Meaning in Life
Chu, C., & Lowery, B. S. (2023) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672221150234 · Cited by 34
Guilty, But Not Ashamed: “True” Self‐Conceptions Influence Affective Responses to Personal Shortcomings
Vess, M., Schlegel, R. J., Hicks, J. A., & Arndt, J. (2013) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12046 · Cited by 32
Self-citation
The expression of the true self in the online world: a literature review
Hu, C., Kumar, S., Huang, J., & Ratnavelu, K. (2019) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2019.1685596 · Cited by 31
Authenticity, presence of meaning, and struggle with ultimate meaning: Nuanced between-and within-person associations
Wilt, J. A., Grubbs, J. B., Exline, J. J., & Pargäment, K. I. (2021) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2021.104104 · Cited by 30
Becoming your true self: Perceptions of authenticity across the lifespan
Seto, E., & Schlegel, R. J. (2017) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298868.2017.1322530 · Cited by 33
Self-citation
The Role of Self‐Connection in the Relationship between Mindfulness and Meaning: A Longitudinal Examination
Klussman, K., Nichols, A., & Langer, J. (2020) · Applied Psychology Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1111/aphw.12200 · Cited by 27
The daydreamer: Exploring the personality underpinnings of daydreaming styles and their implications for well-being
Blouin‐Hudon, E. C., & Zelenski, J. M. (2016) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2016.07.007 · Cited by 31
Online authenticity, popularity, and the “Real Me” in a microblogging environment
Lim, J. S., Nicholson, J., Yang, S., & Kim, H.-K. (2015) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.05.037 · Cited by 27
Quiet Flourishing: The Authenticity and Well-Being of Trait Introverts Living in the West Depends on Extraversion-Deficit Beliefs
Lawn, R. B., Slemp, G. R., & Vella‐Brodrick, D. (2018) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-018-0037-5 · Cited by 24
Exploring potential mechanisms underpinning the therapeutic effects of surfing
Moreton, S. G., Brennan, M. K., Nicholls, V. I., Wolf, I. D., & Muir, D. L. (2021) · Journal of Adventure Education & Outdoor Learning · doi:10.1080/14729679.2021.1884104 · Cited by 28
Authenticity and subjective well-being: The mediating role of mindfulness
Zheng, S., Sun, S., Huang, C., & Zou, Z. (2019) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2019.103900 · Cited by 23
Goals as identities: Boosting perceptions of healthy-eater identity for easier goal pursuit
Dominick, J. K., & Cole, S. (2020) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-020-09824-8 · Cited by 25
The cognitive complexity of a happy life, a meaningful life, and a psychologically rich life
Oishi, S., Westgate, E. C., & Cha, Y. (2024) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2024.104475 · Cited by 21
The Authentic Moral Self: Dynamic Interplay between Perceived Authenticity and Moral Behaviors in the Workplace
Zhang, H., Chen, K., Schlegel, R. J., Hicks, J. A., & Chen, C. (2019) · Collabra Psychology · doi:10.1525/collabra.260 · Cited by 23
Self-citation
Consequences of enactment and concealment for felt authenticity: Understanding the effects of stigma through self‐distancing and motive fulfillment
Crabtree, M. A., & Pillow, D. R. (2020) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2680 · Cited by 27
Authenticity at work: a moderated mediation analysis
Kuntz, J., & Abbott, M. (2017) · International journal of organizational analysis · doi:10.1108/ijoa-02-2017-1125 · Cited by 21
Diversity and consumer behavior
Henderson, G. R., & Rank‐Christman, T. (2016) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.01.006 · Cited by 18
Examining the True Self as a Wellspring of Meaning
Schlegel, R. J., Smith, C. M., & Hirsch, K. A. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-6527-6_14 · Cited by 16
Self-citation
Critical reflection and global citizenship education: exploring the views and experiences of teacher educators
O’Flaherty, J., McCormack, O., Lenihan, R., & Young, A.-M. (2024) · Reflective Practice · doi:10.1080/14623943.2024.2421598 · Cited by 16
Voice More and Be Happier: How Employee Voice Influences Psychological Well-Being in the Workplace
Xu, J., Xie, B., Yang, Y., & Li, L. (2021) · International Journal of Mental Health Promotion · doi:10.32604/ijmhp.2021.013518 · Cited by 17
Let the Music Play: Live Music Fosters Collective Effervescence and Leads to Lasting Positive Outcomes
Koefler, N., Naidu, E. S., Gabriel, S., Schneider, V., Pascuzzi, G. S., & Paravati, E. (2024) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672241288027 · Cited by 20
Predicting well-being in managers: Test of a positive psychology model
Lopez, F. G., & Ramos, K. (2015) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2015.1092571 · Cited by 16
Personal Identity
Shoemaker, D., & Tobia, K. P. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198871712.013.28 · Cited by 15
Self‐connection and well‐being: Development and validation of a self‐connection scale
Klussman, K., Nichols, A., Curtin, N., Langer, J., & Orehek, E. (2021) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2812 · Cited by 16
Social anxiety and MDMA-assisted therapy investigation: a novel clinical trial protocol
Lear, M. K., Smith, S. M., Pilecki, B. C., Stauffer, C. S., & Luoma, J. B. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1083354 · Cited by 15
Following one's true self and the sacredness of cultural values
Kim, J., Christy, A. G., Rivera, G. N., Schlegel, R. J., & Hicks, J. A. (2018) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2018.01.001 · Cited by 14
Self-citation
How does money make life meaningful? Socioeconomic status, financial self-efficacy, and meaning in life
Ward, S. J., & Kim, J. (2022) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2022.2154694 · Cited by 14
Meaning in life mediates the effects of sense of self and prosocial behaviours on anhedonia: A path analysis
Demir-Kassem, S., Frey, A.-L., & McCabe, C. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.09.106 · Cited by 17
Who am I and how often?: Variation in self-essentialism beliefs, cognitive style, and well-being
Dulaney, E. S., Graupmann, V., & Quinn, K. A. (2017) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2017.10.011 · Cited by 16
On the dynamics of intersectional (in)visibility: Women early career researchers negotiating authenticity at work
Torbor, M., Sarpong, D., Maclean, M., & Fletcher, L. (2025) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/00187267251323854 · Cited by 13
Decision making as a pedagogy for social emotional learning
Moore, B., & Gregory, R. (2024) · Social and Emotional Learning Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1016/j.sel.2024.100034 · Cited by 18
MDMA-Assisted Therapy as a Means to Alter Affective, Cognitive, Behavioral, and Neurological Systems Underlying Social Dysfunction in Social Anxiety Disorder
Luoma, J., & Lear, M. K. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.733893 · Cited by 11
The Self of Sundanese Ethnic: Interdependent Construal and Religious Self
Ninin, R. H. (2015) · Asian Social Science · doi:10.5539/ass.v11n16p1 · Cited by 11
The Experience of the Authentic Self: A Cooperative Inquiry
Sohmer, O. R. (2020) · Journal of Humanistic Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022167820952339 · Cited by 10
The impact of trait introversion-extraversion and identity on state authenticity: Debating the benefits of extraversion
Bossom, I. R. L., & Zelenski, J. M. (2022) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2022.104208 · Cited by 9
Mental health in the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic: A longitudinal examination of the ameliorating effect of meaning salience
Klussman, K., Nichols, A., & Langer, J. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-01538-5 · Cited by 9
Higher power dynamics: How meaning search and self-transcendence inspire approach motivation and magnanimity
McGregor, I., Tran, A., Auger, É., Britton, E., Hayes, J., Elnakouri, A., Eftekhari, E., Sharpinskyi, K., Arbiv, O. A., & Nash, K. A. (2022) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2022.104350 · Cited by 10
Why is authenticity associated with being and acting extraverted? Exploring the mediating role of positive affect
Wilt, J. A., Sun, J., Jacques-Hamilton, R., & Smillie, L. D. (2023) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298868.2023.2246672 · Cited by 11
Grit and Different Aspects of Well-being: Direct and Indirect Effects via Sense of Coherence and Authenticity
Tiittanen, M. (2014) · Lund University Publications Student Papers (Lund University) · Cited by 9
Consider the tumor: Brain tumors decrease punishment via perceptions of free will
Stinnett, A. J., & Alquist, J. L. (2022) · Philosophical Psychology · doi:10.1080/09515089.2022.2052830 · Cited by 10
The Holiness of Wholeness: Religious Contributions to Human Flourishing
Pargäment, K. I., Wong, S., & Exline, J. J. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190064570.013.31 · Cited by 9
Centering Social Fit, Self-Concept Fit, Goal Fit, and Resource Fit as Core Elements of Students’ Experiences of Belonging at School
Browman, A. S. (2025) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-025-10009-3 · Cited by 10
Emulating future neurotechnology using magic
Olson, J. A., Cyr, M., Artenie, D. Z., Strandberg, T., Hall, L., Tompkins, M. L., Raz, A., & Johansson, P. (2022) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2022.103450 · Cited by 7
What’s Stopping Us from Connecting with Ourselves? A Qualitative Examination of Barriers to Self-Connection
Klussman, K., Langer, J., Nichols, A., & Curtin, N. (2020) · International Journal of Applied Positive Psychology · doi:10.1007/s41042-020-00031-x · Cited by 8
Integrating Guilt and Shame into the Self-Concept: The Influence of Future Opportunities
Choi, H. (2024) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs14060472 · Cited by 8
Unknowing as a Methodological Tool: Autism, Authenticity, and Epistemic Injustice
Jackson‐Perry, D. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-66127-3_22 · Cited by 9
Deleterious effects of unchosen solitude on adolescents' mental and social health: The moderating role of self‐esteem
Delelis, G. (2023) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.12930 · Cited by 6
Missing, or Just Missed? Mediating Loss in the Missing Richard Simmons Podcast
Boling, K. S., Hull, K., & Moscowitz, L. (2019) · Journal of radio & audio media · doi:10.1080/19376529.2019.1682585 · Cited by 7
The true self and existential structure? Unexpected effects of mortality salience and personal need for structure on belief in a true self
Christy, A., Sanders, C. S., Vess, M., Routledge, C., & Schlegel, R. J. (2017) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298868.2016.1269669 · Cited by 8
Self-citation
Sources of Life Strengths Appraisal Scale: A Multidimensional Approach to Assessing Older Adults’ Perceived Sources of Life Strengths
Fry, P. S., & Debats, D. L. (2014) · Journal of Aging Research · doi:10.1155/2014/783637 · Cited by 5
Compassion is partially selfless: Public self-concept accessibility following compassion and threat
DeLury, S. S., Buffone, A. E. K., Ministero, L. M., & Poulin, M. J. (2018) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298868.2018.1554541 · Cited by 5
Addiction, Identity, MoralityPreprint
Earp, B. D., Skorburg, J. A., Everett, J. A. C., & Savulescu, J. (2018) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/evm84 · Cited by 6
Depression, Ataraxia, and the Pig
Salje, L. (2021) · Australasian Journal of Philosophy · doi:10.1080/00048402.2021.2005106 · Cited by 4
"Know Thyself": A Review of True Self
Du, J. (2020) · Psychology and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.11648/j.pbs.20200903.11 · Cited by 4
Positive Psychology, Positive L2 Self, and L2 Motivation: A Longitudinal Investigation
Kikuchi, K., & Lake, J. (2021) · Second language learning and teaching · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-64444-4_5 · Cited by 6
The authentic catch-22: Following the true self promotes decision satisfaction in moral dilemmas
Chen, K., Zhang, H., Friedman, M., & Schlegel, R. J. (2022) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2022.104376 · Cited by 5
Self-citation
It Depends! Contextual Variability in Feminist Identity Disclosure Among Binary and Nonbinary Individuals
Son, E. J., Harris, E. A., & van Anders, S. M. (2023) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-023-01363-z · Cited by 3
The Self in Relationships
Gaines, S. O. (2023) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197687635.001.0001 · Cited by 3
Trait authenticity as an “enzyme” for personal resources and work engagement: A study among teachers within the framework of the job demands-resources model
Tesi, A., Baroncelli, A., Ciucci, E., Facci, C., & Aiello, A. (2024) · European Review of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.erap.2024.101012 · Cited by 3
Refining the self-congruency hypothesis of state authenticity: A self-threat model
Huber, C., Germar, M., Greve, W., & Mojzisch, A. (2025) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106153 · Cited by 4
Exploring the Link Between Identity Avoidance and Perceived Self-Knowledge
Needy, L. M., Arthur, K. M., Fernandez, L. J., Yin, Y., Jiang, T., Schlegel, R. J., & Hicks, J. A. (2025) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672251343114 · Cited by 3
Self-citation
Can you be yourself in business? How reminders of business affect the perceived value of authenticity
Kokkoris, M. D., & Sedikides, C. (2019) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/jasp.12596 · Cited by 3
Dare to be yourself: courage promotes self-authenticity via sense of power
Yang, Y., Zhu, S., Wang, X., & Wang, L. (2024) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2024.2338806 · Cited by 3
Stuck in an Existential Quagmire: The Role of Perceived True Self-Knowledge in Client Stuckness
Carter, J. E. M., Rivera, G. N., Heffer, R. W., & Schlegel, R. J. (2020) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2020.39.5.449 · Cited by 3
Self-citation

Authors: Schlegel, R. J., & Hicks, J. A.
Affiliations: Texas A&M University (US)
ORCID: Schlegel, Rebecca J.
Hicks, Joshua A.
Venue: Social and Personality Psychology Compass
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2011-12
Volume: 5
Issue: 12
Pages: 989-1003
ISSN: 1751-9004 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-9004.2011.00401.x
OpenAlex: W2171116031
Cited by: 148
References: 125
Citations by year: 2026: 6 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 7
FWCI: 5.21
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 1 d)
Locations: Social and Personality Psychology Compass (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Identity, Memory, and Therapy
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
Keywords: true self, self-concept, mental health, meaning in life, life satisfaction

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

The True Self and Psychological Health: Emerging Evidence and Future Directions

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks