The Relationship Between Body Image Concerns, Eating Disorders and Internet Use, Part II: An Integrated Theoretical Model
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Adolescents with higher levels of internalization, comparison, and body dissatisfaction may search for and interact with idealized content on social media to satisfy their inclination toward appearance ideals.
“Adolescents with higher levels of internalization, comparison, and body dissatisfaction may search for and interact with idealized content on social media to satisfy their inclination toward appearance ideals.”
From Navigating Beauty Standards on Social Media: Impact of Appearance Activity on Adolescents’ Body Dissatisfaction (2025) · cites this paper as Rodgers, 2016
The Gratifications Theory section describes people selectively seeking appearance-related media, and The Role of the Internet section says social media offers ideal-focused content and opportunities for appearance comparison. But the paper does not specifically say that adolescents with higher internalization, comparison, and body dissatisfaction seek and interact with that content to satisfy an inclination toward appearance ideals. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredBody dissatisfaction, along with internalization and appearance comparison, may drive adolescents to engage more frequently in appearance activity.
“While appearance activity can contribute to later body dissatisfaction (de Valle et al., 2021), body dissatisfaction, along with internalization and appearance comparison, may also drive adolescents to engage more frequently in appearance activity.”
From Navigating Beauty Standards on Social Media: Impact of Appearance Activity on Adolescents’ Body Dissatisfaction (2025) · cites this paper as Rodgers, 2016
In The Role of the Internet (page unavailable), the paper reports that dissatisfaction with appearance is a common reason for removing tags from photos, supporting the idea that dissatisfaction can motivate an appearance-related online action. Sociocultural Theory links internalization and appearance comparison to body dissatisfaction, but the cited passages do not say that all three factors drive adolescents to engage more frequently in appearance activity. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSocial media has become a primary source through which young women receive and transmit information about beauty standards and engage in self-objectification and social comparison.
“In the decades since the theories above were introduced, SM has become a primary source through which young women receive and transmit information about beauty standards and engage in self-objectification and social comparison (Perloff, 2014; Rodgers, 2016).”
From The Perfect Storm: A Developmental-Sociocultural Framework for the Role of Social Media in Adolescent Girls' Body Image Concerns and Mental Health. (2022) · cites this paper as Rodgers, 2016
In “The Role of the Internet” (page unavailable), Rodgers describes social media as a vehicle for appearance ideals and peer feedback, and says it may promote social comparison. “Usefulness of Feminist and Self-Objectification Theory” (page unavailable) describes conditions that might promote self-objectification. The paper supports those mechanisms and users’ contributions to online content, but calls the Internet an “additional source” of appearance-focused media; it does not establish that social media has become a primary source for young women. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredOne of the primary ways that social media image exposure affects adolescents' body image and mental health is through social comparison.
“One of the primary ways that SM image exposure affects adolescents' body image and mental health is through social comparison (see Perloff, 2014; Rodgers, 2016).”
From The Perfect Storm: A Developmental-Sociocultural Framework for the Role of Social Media in Adolescent Girls' Body Image Concerns and Mental Health. (2022) · cites this paper as Rodgers, 2016
In “The Role of the Internet” (page unavailable), Rodgers says social-media images offer opportunities for appearance comparison that may lead to body dissatisfaction and eating pathology. “Sociocultural Theory” calls appearance comparison a critical mechanism for body-image and eating concerns. These passages support the proposed pathway, but not the broader claim about adolescents’ mental health beyond those outcomes. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredA hypothesised feedback loop between body image concerns and eating pathology reinforces the addictive nature of social media and sustained motivations for use despite potentially adverse outcomes.
“a hypothesised feedback loop between the two reinforces the addictive nature of social media and sustained motivations for use despite potentially adverse outcomes.”
From The social media diet: A scoping review to investigate the association between social media, body image and eating disorders amongst young people (2023) · cites this paper as [43]
In “Usefulness and Future Directions” (page unavailable), the paper describes a hypothesized feedback loop in which gratifications from Internet and social media use may prompt continued engagement despite negative feedback or outcomes. The integrated model also links social-media interactions to body dissatisfaction and eating-disorder symptoms, but the paper does not characterize this loop as reinforcing an addictive nature of social media. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Both browsing idealized content and actively creating idealized self-presentations can contribute to body dissatisfaction, with internalization of and comparison to appearance ideals playing a significant mediating role.
“According to Rodgers (2016), both browsing idealized content and actively creating idealized self-presentations can contribute to body dissatisfaction, with the internalization of and comparison to appearance ideals playing a significant mediating role (Rodgers et al., 2020).”
From Navigating Beauty Standards on Social Media: Impact of Appearance Activity on Adolescents’ Body Dissatisfaction (2025) · cites this paper as Rodgers, 2016
Posting idealized versions of oneself on social media can emphasize the gap between the ideal and actual appearance, further contributing to body dissatisfaction.
“While exposure to idealized bodies reinforces internalization and appearance comparisons, as suggested by the original model (Thompson et al., 1999), posting idealized versions of oneself (or others) on social media can emphasize the gap between the ideal and actual appearance, further contributing to body dissatisfaction (Rodgers, 2016).”
From Navigating Beauty Standards on Social Media: Impact of Appearance Activity on Adolescents’ Body Dissatisfaction (2025) · cites this paper as Rodgers, 2016
The inconsistent associations potentially hint at possible bidirectional interplay between appearance activity on social media and body image, as well as at a sequential rather than solely parallel role of the Tripartite Influence Model's mediating processes.
“Bearing in mind the inconsistency of these associations, such results potentially hint at the possible bidirectional interplay between appearance activity on social media and body image, as well as at a sequential, rather than solely parallel role, of the Tripartite Influence Model’s (Thompson et al., 1999) mediating processes (Rodgers, 2016).”
From Navigating Beauty Standards on Social Media: Impact of Appearance Activity on Adolescents’ Body Dissatisfaction (2025) · cites this paper as Rodgers, 2016
The need to account for individual moderators, such as different motivations for internet use, has already been emphasized.
“The need to account for individual moderators, such as different motivations for internet use (e.g., seeking appearance feedback, social support) has already been emphasized (Rodgers, 2016).”
From Navigating Beauty Standards on Social Media: Impact of Appearance Activity on Adolescents’ Body Dissatisfaction (2025) · cites this paper as Rodgers, 2016
Social media may increase the pressure to be thin, which can lead to thin-ideal internalization and social comparison, and in turn, body dissatisfaction and disordered eating.
“As proposed by Rodgers (2016), SM may increase the pressure to be thin, which can lead to thin-ideal internalization and social comparison, and in turn, body dissatisfaction and disordered eating.”
From The Perfect Storm: A Developmental-Sociocultural Framework for the Role of Social Media in Adolescent Girls' Body Image Concerns and Mental Health. (2022) · cites this paper as Rodgers, 2016
Interactions with others as well as individual online behaviours are important pathways linking internet use to body image and eating pathology.
“Interactions with others as well as individual online behaviours are important pathways linking internet use to body image and eating pathology”
From The social media diet: A scoping review to investigate the association between social media, body image and eating disorders amongst young people (2023) · cites this paper as [43]
The review and appraisal of the evidence was informed by Rodgers' 2016 integrated theoretical framework on the influence of internet use on body image concerns and disordered eating pathology.
“Our review and appraisal of the evidence was informed by Rodgers’ 2016 integrated theoretical framework [43] on the influence of internet use on body image concerns and disordered eating pathology.”
From The social media diet: A scoping review to investigate the association between social media, body image and eating disorders amongst young people (2023) · cites this paper as [43]
The authors extended Rodgers' framework in light of new research, referred to as a 'self-perpetuating cycle of risk'.
“This led us to extend Rodgers’ framework [43] in light of new research, referred to here as a ‘self-perpetuating cycle of risk’ [Fig 2].”
From The social media diet: A scoping review to investigate the association between social media, body image and eating disorders amongst young people (2023) · cites this paper as [43]
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Social Media, Body Image and Food Choices in Healthy Young Adults: A Mixed Methods Systematic Review
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“This is an important finding that provides support for theories (Rodgers 2016) describing how the influence of social media on body image and eating outcomes among youth can be conceptualized within sociocultural frameworks that emphasize appearance comparisons and the endorsement of unrealistic ideals as important me…”
BackgroundSelf-citationDane, A., & Bhatia, K. (2023) · PLOS Global Public Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pgph.0001091 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
“Our review and appraisal of the evidence was informed by Rodgers’ 2016 integrated theoretical framework [43] on the influence of internet use on body image concerns and disordered eating pathology.”
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Internalization of body shape ideals and body dissatisfaction: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
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Tylka, T. L., Rodgers, R. F., Calogero, R. M., Thompson, J. K., & Harriger, J. A. (2023) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.01.004 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Self-citationPaxton, S. J., McLean, S. A., & Rodgers, R. F. (2021) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2021.12.009 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Self-citationRodgers, R. F., Paxton, S. J., & Wertheim, E. H. (2021) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2021.03.009 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Self-citationAnixiadis, F., Wertheim, E. H., Rodgers, R. F., & Caruana, B. (2019) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2019.10.005 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Self-citationDigital media and body weight, shape, and size: An introduction and review
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Self-citationSocial media and eating disorder psychopathology: A systematic review
Padín, P. F., Rodríguez, R. G., Diego, C. V., & Vázquez-Pérez, R. (2021) · Cyberpsychology Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace · doi:10.5817/cp2021-3-6 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Development and validation of the motivations for social media use scale (MSMU) among adolescents
Rodgers, R. F., Mclean, S. A., Gordon, C. S., Slater, A., Marques, M. D., Jarman, H. K., & Paxton, S. J. (2021) · Adolescent Research Review · doi:10.1007/s40894-020-00139-w · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Self-citationData-Driven Assessment of Adolescents’ Mental Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic
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Critical measurement issues in the assessment of social media influence on body image
Jarman, H. K., McLean, S. A., Griffiths, S., Teague, S. J., Rodgers, R. F., Paxton, S. J., Austen, E., Harris, E., Steward, T., Shatte, A., et al. (2022) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2021.12.007 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
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Adolescent Eating Disorder Risk and the Social Online World
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Self-citationMohsenpour, M. A., Karamizadeh, M., Barati‐Boldaji, R., Ferns, G. A., & Akbarzadeh, M. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-29961-7 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
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Self-citationChinese TikTok (Douyin) challenges and body image concerns: a pilot study
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van Oosten, J. M. F., Vandenbosch, L., & Peter, J. (2023) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2023.107730 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Internet Usage by Women with Eating Disorders during Illness and Recovery
Šmahelová, M., Drtilová, H., Šmahel, D., & Čevelíček, M. (2019) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2019.1582135 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Dondzilo, L., Rodgers, R. F., & Dietel, F. A. (2023) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.24117 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationSumter, S. R., Cingel, D. P., & Antonis, D. (2018) · Telematics and Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.tele.2018.01.013 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
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Characterizing a body positive online forum: Resistance and pursuit of appearance-ideals
Rodgers, R. F., Meyer, C., & McCaig, D. C. (2020) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.03.005 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
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The Relationships Between Internet Addiction, Social Appearance Anxiety and Coping with Stress
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The impact of snapchat usage on drunkorexia behaviors in college women
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Self-citationInstagram engagement and well-being: the mediating role of appearance anxiety
Ryding, C., Harkin, L., & Kuss, D. J. (2024) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2024.2323078 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
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Self-citationTikTok: a far-reaching opportunity for health professionals to address weight loss
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#Beautyunedited: Is labeling unedited selfies helpful for body image and mood among young women?
Rodgers, R. F., Lowy, A. S., Kodama, E., & Bujold, H. (2021) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2021.08.001 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationMilan, S., & Perez, S. D. (2020) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.12.001 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
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Social media incidental appearance exposure and young people’s body image: A conceptual review
Rousseau, A., & Rodgers, R. F. (2024) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2024.101838 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationA moderated mediation model for body-positive online content and body image among adolescents
Kvardová, N., Macháčková, H., & Šmahel, D. (2022) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.07.002 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
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Influence of social media on developing body image dissatisfaction and eating disorders
Górska, D., Świercz, K., Majcher, M., Sierpień, M., Majcher, M., Pikulicka, A., Karwańska, A., Kulbat, A., Brzychczy, P., & Kulbat, M. (2023) · Journal of Education Health and Sport · doi:10.12775/jehs.2023.22.01.005 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
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Body image and social media: The fault lines are clear - We need a seismic correction
Thompson, J. K., & Harriger, J. A. (2023) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.02.009 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Rodgers, R. F., O’Flynn, J. L., & McLean, S. A. (2019) · The International Encyclopedia of Media Literacy · doi:10.1002/9781118978238.ieml0060 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
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“The need to account for individual moderators, such as different motivations for internet use (e.g., seeking appearance feedback, social support) has already been emphasized (Rodgers, 2016).”
InfluentialPraet, N., Stevens, J., Casteels, K., & Toelen, J. (2024) · Children · doi:10.3390/children11070822 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Drtilová, H., Šmahel, D., & Šmahelová, M. (2021) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2020.1868076 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
A preliminary investigation of the causal role of social media use in eating disorder symptoms
Dondzilo, L., Mahalingham, T., & Clarke, P. (2023) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101923 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Fox, B. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-46500-1_21 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Ganson, K. T., Testa, A. M., Rodgers, R. F., & Nagata, J. M. (2024) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2024.101750 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationSelf-concept clarity and appearance comparisons in everyday life
Vartanian, L. R., Pinkus, R. T., & Fardouly, J. (2024) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2024.101820 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
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Self-citationKvardová, N., Maes, C., & Vandenbosch, L. (2024) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2024.108471 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Motivation for Instagram Use, Passive Instagram Use and Fear of Missing Out (FoMO)
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The influence of selfie related behavior in social media on body image
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How Gender-Targeted Body Image Concerns Influence People’s Sugar-Sweetened Beverages Consumption
Kong, S. (2023) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2023.2210378 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
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Social Media Use, Body Image Concerns, and Disordered Eating Among Adolescents
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The Relationship between social media and body image of women: Applying Self-Objectification Theory
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Critical Processing of Idealized Beauty Images
McLean, S. A., Wertheim, E. H., & Paxton, S. J. (2018) · The International Encyclopedia of Media Literacy · doi:10.1002/9781118978238.ieml0044 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
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- Authors
- Rodgers, R. F.
- Affiliations
- Northeastern University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Rodgers, Rachel F.
- ORCID
- Rodgers, Rachel F.
- Venue
- Adolescent Research Review
- Published
- 2015-10-07
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 121-137
- ISSN
- 2363-8346 (ISSN-L)
- 2363-8354
- OpenAlex
- W1878311791
- Cited by
- 112
- References
- 117
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 4.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Adolescent Research Review (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Body Image and Dysmorphia Studies
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Keywords
- body image concern, eating disorders, eating pathology, internet use, social media use, adolescents, sociocultural theory, feminist theory, impression management theory, social identity theory, uses and gratifications theory, integrative model
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