High Salt Intake and Stroke: Meta‐analysis of the Epidemiologic Evidence
Open accessAbstract
Research on the potential impact of high salt intake on health has grown rapidly over the last decades. Recent studies have suggested that high salt intake could also be associated with adverse effects on cardiovascular system. The review evaluated the current level of epidemiologic evidence on the association between the level of habitual salt intake and stroke outcome. We also suggest further research direction. There were 21 independent samples from 12 studies, with 225,693 participants (follow-up, 3-19 years) and 8135 stroke events. High salt intake was associated with risk of stroke event (pooled odd ratio [OR], 1.34; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.19-1.51), stroke death (1.40; 1.21-1.63) and stroke onset (1.11; 1.00-1.24), ischemic stroke death (2.15; 1.57-2.95), not associated with risk of ischemic stroke onset (1.07, 0.95-1.2), with no significant evidence of publication bias. High salt intake is associated with significantly increased risk of stroke event. Further research should be directed toward clarifying and quantifying these possible effects and generating testable hypotheses on plausible biologic mechanisms.
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In meta-analyses of longitudinal studies, high sodium intakes associate with incident total stroke, stroke mortality, and CHD mortality.
“In meta-analyses of longitudinal studies, high sodium intakes associate with incident total stroke, stroke mortality, and CHD mortality (Figure 7).305-307”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [307]
Nearly all observational studies demonstrate a positive association between very high sodium intakes (e.g., 4000+ mg/d) and CVD events, in particular stroke.
“Nearly all observational studies demonstrate a positive association between very high sodium intakes (e.g., 4000+ mg/d) and CVD events, in particular stroke.305-307”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [307]
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Meschia, J. F., Bushnell, C., Boden-Albala, B., Braun, L. T., Bravata, D. M., Chaturvedi, S., Creager, M. A., Eckel, R. H., Elkind, M. S. V., Fornage, M., et al. (2014) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/str.0000000000000046 · Cited by 2,650 · see citing works
Mozaffarian, D. (2016) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.115.018585 · Cited by 2,216 · see citing works
Stroke risk factors, genetics, and prevention
Boehme, A. K., Esenwa, C., & Elkind, M. S. V. (2017) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.116.308398 · Cited by 1,952 · see citing works
Pathophysiology and treatment of stroke: present status and future perspectives
Kuriakose, D., & Xiao, Z. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21207609 · Cited by 1,350 · see citing works
Cai, X., Wang, C., Wang, S., Cao, G., Jin, C., Yu, J., Li, X., Yan, J., Wang, F., Yu, W., et al. (2015) · Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1177/1010539514566742 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
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- Authors
- Li, X., Cai, X., Bian, P., & Hu, L.
- Affiliations
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
- Department of Clinic Medicine Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
- Department of Cardiology Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital Hangzhou China
- Chang'an University (CN)
- Venue
- CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2012-06-28
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 691-701
- ISSN
- 1755-5930 (ISSN-L)
- 1755-5949
- PMC
- PMC6493555
- OpenAlex
- W2005919711
- Cited by
- 87
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 5
- FWCI
- 0.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Zhejiang University
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Sodium Intake and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Blood Pressure and Hypertension Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Keywords
- high-salt diet, stroke, stroke mortality, ischemic stroke, stroke onset, cardiovascular risk, dietary sodium, epidemiological evidence
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Diet, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Recurrence, Confidence Intervals, Case-Control Studies, Treatment Outcome, Sodium Chloride, Dietary, Risk Assessment, Stroke, International Classification of Diseases
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