The Occurrence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Salmonellae Isolated from Commercially Available Canine Raw Food Diets in Three Canadian Cities
Abstract
Summary: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance patterns of Salmonella isolated from commercially available canine raw food diets in Canada. A total of 166 commercial frozen raw food diet samples were purchased from randomly selected local pet stores in three Canadian cities for a period of 8 months. All samples were evaluated for the presence of Salmonella, serotyped and tested for antimicrobial susceptibility. There was an overall Salmonella prevalence of 21%; chicken was an ingredient for 67% of the Salmonella‐positive diets. Eighteen different Salmonella serotypes were recovered, and resistance was observed to 12 of the 16 antimicrobials tested, with the majority of Ontario isolates exhibiting resistance to ampicillin and Calgary isolates to tetracycline. This study demonstrates the potential risk of raw food diets, especially for immunocompromised individuals, and stresses the need for implementing regulatory guidelines for the production of these diets in order to help control and ideally eliminate the bacterial risks associated with their use and consumption.
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Serovars isolated in studies and surveillance include those considered of particular significance for human salmonellosis.
“Serovars isolated in studies and surveillance of ingredients and raw food for pets or working dogs are diverse (Strohmeyer et al. 2006) and include those considered to be of particular significance for human salmonellosis (Chengappa et al. 1993, Finley et al. 2008, Mehlenbacher et al. 2012, Bacci et al. 2019).”
From Raw diets for dogs and cats: a review, with particular reference to microbiological hazards. (2019) · cites this paper as Finley et al. 2008
Cites
Lefebvre, S. L., Reid‐Smith, R., Boerlin, P., & Weese, J. S. (2008) · Zoonoses and Public Health · doi:10.1111/j.1863-2378.2008.01145.x · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Self-citationStrohmeyer, R. A., Morley, P. S., Hyatt, D. R., Dargatz, D. A., Scorza, A. V., & Lappin, M. R. (2006) · Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association · doi:10.2460/javma.228.4.537 · Cited by 133 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In the United States, Strohmeyer et al. (2006) conducted a survey of 240 commercial raw food diets; 6% were contaminated with Salmonella.”
BackgroundEvaluation of raw food diets for dogs
Freeman, L. M., & Michel, K. E. (2001) · Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association · doi:10.2460/javma.2001.218.705 · Cited by 121 · cited 3× · see citing works
“55 (2008) 462–469 ents and essential enzymes (Billinghurst, 1993; Freeman and Michel, 2001; Moon, 2003).”
BackgroundPrevalence of <i>Salmonella</i> in Raw Meat used in Diets of Racing Greyhounds
Chengappa, M. M., Staats, J., Oberst, R. D., Gabbert, N. H., & McVey, S. (1993) · Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation · doi:10.1177/104063879300500312 · Cited by 77 · cited 2× · see citing works
“One of the main issues with the lack of regulation and guidance is the unknown source of meat used in the production of commercial raw food diets, which may include: surplus meat from human food producing facilities; meat from rendering plants obtained from diseased, debilitated, dying and dead animals (4-D meat); and…”
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Raw diets for dogs and cats: a review, with particular reference to microbiological hazards.
Davies, R. H., Lawes, J. R., & Wales, A. D. (2019) · Journal of Small Animal Practice · doi:10.1111/jsap.13000 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
“…pet foods in North America (generally frozen and obtained through commercial outlets) have reported proportions of Salmonella-positive samples ranging between 7.1% (Strohmeyer et al. 2006), 8% (Nemser et al. 2014), 9% (Mehlenbacher et al. 2012), 20% (Weese et al. 2005) and 21% (Finley et al. 2008).”
BackgroundInfluentialHygiene quality and presence of ESBL-producing <i>Escherichia coli</i> in raw food diets for dogs
Nilsson, O. (2015) · Infection Ecology & Epidemiology · doi:10.3402/iee.v5.28758 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“coli bacteria is commonly isolated from poultry in Europe and ESC-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in raw food diet products has previously been described (3, 8).”
BackgroundBacci, C., Vismarra, A., Dander, S., Barilli, E., & Superchi, P. (2019) · Journal of Food Protection · doi:10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-352 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Leonard, E. K., Pearl, D. L., Janecko, N., Finley, R. L., Reid-Smith, R. J., Weese, J. S., & Peregrine, A. S. (2015) · American Journal of Veterinary Research · doi:10.2460/ajvr.76.11.959 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Finley, R., Reid‐Smith, R., Ribble, C., Popa, M., Vandermeer, M., & Aramini, J.
- Affiliations
- Public Health Agency of Canada (CA)
- Ontario Veterinary College (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Finley, R.
- Venue
- Zoonoses and Public Health
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2008-09-03
- Volume
- 55
- Issue
- 8-10
- Pages
- 462-469
- ISSN
- 1863-1959 (ISSN-L)
- 1863-2378
- OpenAlex
- W2153814171
- Cited by
- 85
- References
- 4
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 8.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Zoonoses and Public Health (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Public Health Agency of Canada
- Government of Canada
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Salmonella and Campylobacter epidemiology
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Food Safety and Hygiene
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biotechnology › Listeria monocytogenes in Food Safety
- Keywords
- Salmonella, antimicrobial resistance, Salmonella serotypes, prevalence, ampicillin resistance, tetracycline resistance, pet food safety, zoonotic risk, regulatory guidelines
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Animal Feed, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Canada, Dog Diseases, Dogs, Food Contamination, Food Microbiology, Humans, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Public Health, Risk Factors, Salmonella, Salmonella Infections, Salmonella Infections, Animal, Zoonoses, Colony Count, Microbial, Immunocompromised Host, Treatment Outcome, Drug Resistance, Bacterial, Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial
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