Hygiene quality and presence of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli in raw food diets for dogs
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Raw food diets are popular among some dog owners, even though there are concerns regarding the infectious disease risk and public health implications. Hence, the two aims of this study were to investigate the hygiene quality of raw food diets for dogs in the Swedish market and if Escherichia coli with transferable resistance to extended spectrum cephalosporins (ESC) was present in such products. METHODS: Samples of raw food diets were suspended and further diluted in 0.9% saline. Appropriate dilutions were 1) cultured on Petrifilm™SEC to quantify the amount of E. coli in the samples and 2) mixed with cefotaxime to a final concentration of 1 mg/L and cultured on Petrifilm™SEC to quantify the amount of ESC-resistant E. coli in the samples. Furthermore, undiluted suspensions were mixed 1:1 with double strength MacConkey broth with cefotaxime, enriched overnight and finally cultured on MacConkey agar with cefotaxime (1 mg/L). Suspected ESC-resistant E. coli were screened by PCR for genes encoding extended spectrum beta lactamases and plasmid-mediated AmpC and their susceptibility to a panel of antimicrobials was performed by broth microdilution using VetMIC GN-mo. RESULTS: Escherichia coli was isolated from all samples (n=39) and ESC-resistant E. coli was isolated from nine samples (23%). All ESC-resistant E. coli were PCR-positive for the bla CMY-2 group and only one of them was also resistant to a non-beta-lactam antibiotic. CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate that raw food diets could be a source of ESC-resistant E. coli to dogs and highlight the need for maintaining good hygiene when handling these products to prevent infection.
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Numbers of E. coli in frozen raw pet food exceed the EU absolute threshold (5×10^3 cfu/g) for raw pet food at the point of production.
“and also exceed the EU absolute threshold (5×103 cfu/g; Commission Regulation (EU) No 142/2011) for raw pet food at the point of production (Nilsson 2015, van Bree et al. 2018)”
From Raw diets for dogs and cats: a review, with particular reference to microbiological hazards. (2019) · cites this paper as Nilsson 2015
The Results report that 2 of 39 raw dog-food samples contained more than 5×10⁴ CFU/g of E. coli, so those samples necessarily exceeded 5×10³ CFU/g. But the Discussion compares them with a different Swedish limit; the paper does not identify the cited EU threshold or establish that the samples exceeded it at the point of production. The samples were purchased from shops, as described in Materials and methods; page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredNumbers of E. coli in frozen raw pet food commonly exceed EU limits for minced meat destined for human consumption, sometimes by two or more orders of magnitude.
“Numbers of E. coli in frozen raw pet food commonly exceed EU limits for minced meat destined for human consumption, sometimes by two or more orders of magnitude”
From Raw diets for dogs and cats: a review, with particular reference to microbiological hazards. (2019) · cites this paper as Nilsson 2015
23% of Nordic raw food samples containing poultry meat yielded plasmid-borne AmpC genes.
“whilst 23% of Nordic raw food samples containing poultry meat yielded plasmid‐borne AmpC genes (Nilsson 2015).”
From Raw diets for dogs and cats: a review, with particular reference to microbiological hazards. (2019) · cites this paper as Nilsson 2015
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Cites
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Zoonotic bacteria and parasites found in raw meat‐based diets for cats and dogs
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Evaluation of nutritional value and microbiological safety in commercial dog food
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BackgroundResultMorgan, G., Pinchbeck, G. L., Haldenby, S. T., Schmidt, V., & Williams, N. J. (2024) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2024.1460143 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
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BackgroundCurrent Evidence on Raw Meat Diets in Pets: A Natural Symbol, but a Nutritional Controversy
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“Possible sources of isolates in this study include contaminated food (including pet foods and meat/meat products) and drinking water, dogs’ environment (walking and living environment), veterinary hospital environment on previous visitation, owners/handlers, and/or formites contaminated by the ESBL-resistant organisms…”
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Escherichia coli pathotype contamination in raw canine diets.
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“Antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli have been demonstrated in commercial raw diets (Nilsson, 2015; Van Bree et al, 2018), and commercial raw meat-based diets have been shown to be a risk factor for household cats to shed extended-spectrum betalactamase-producing (ESBL) Enterobacteriaceae in faeces (Baede et al, 2017…”
BackgroundInfluentialAnalysis of the microbiota of raw commercial feline diets to prioritize food safety investigations
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“ThedetectionofESBLgenesinthefoodproductsalignswiththe currentliteraturethathasidenti fi ed ESBL-producing species in the feces of animals fed raw diets 15,38,39 .”
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“Cephalosporins are classified as highest priority critically important antimicrobials used in veterinary and human clinical settings [13].”
InfluentialFood Standards Agency, Jorgensen, F., Kesby, M., Aranega-Bou, P., Willis, C., Aird, H. C., Lai, S., Fearnley, C., Oun, M. A., Puddicombe-Coles, B., et al. (2026) · FSA research and evidence. · doi:10.46756/001c.155340 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Detection of antibiotic resistant Enterobacterales in commercial raw pet food: a preliminary study
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“Previous literature from the Netherlands reported no ESBL-E. coli resistance to tetracycline (25), whereas our study found that 57% of E. coli isolates were resistant to tetracycline.”
ResultVantagens e desvantagens dos principais tipos de dietas para cães
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“[101,102] Frozen raw meat, particularly chicken, beef, and duck, was found to have Salmonella contamination.”
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Conventional cooked and raw dog diets: Swiss owners’ risk perception and knowledge
Knörr, A., Bearth, A., Zhou, X., Stephan, R., & Siegrist, M. (2025) · Preventive Veterinary Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2025.106609
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“The Dutch findings are similar to reports from Belgium [7], Canada [8], Finland [9], Germany [10], Italy [11], Sweden [12], the UK [13], and the USA [14].”
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“ST38 E. coli carrying incK + bla CMY-2 are common on Swedish poultry meat [18] , and raw feed containing poultry meat in Sweden has been shown to be contaminated with E. coli carrying bla CMY-2 [20] .”
BackgroundDer BARF-Trend in der Hundeernährung – Eine Herausforderung für den Tierarzt?
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Microbiological Analysis of Commercial Raw Meat-Based Diets for Dogs
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“It is suggested to carry out more in-depth analyzes in Colombia in this regard, where pathogenic microorganisms can be classified, determine the presence of mycotoxins in the faeces, analyze animals that consume BARF-type diets and make stool cultures or PCR in search of microorganisms and parasites as in other studie…”
BackgroundRaw meat based diets for dogs and their nutritional and One Health implications
Tufarelli, V., & Bozzo, G. (2026) · Discover Animals · doi:10.1007/s44338-026-00249-0
“…from 62.7% of 51 commercial RMBD samples in a Swiss study [57]; extended-spectrum-cephalosporin-resistant E. coli were found in 23% of 39 Swedish raw dog-food samples [58]; and ESBL-and/or AmpC-producing E. coli were detected in 21.5% of dog-food samples tested in the recent UK retail survey [47].”
InfluentialHe, J., Chantziaras, I., Garcia-Graells, C., Ringenier, M., Dewulf, S., Boyen, F., Dewulf, J., & Boland, C. (2026) · Antibiotics · doi:10.3390/antibiotics15030282
“In Sweden, ESC-resistant E. coli carrying pAmpC ( bla _CMY-2) was detected in 23% (9/39) of raw food diets containing poultry [38].”
Lindinger, S., Flekna, G., Iben, C., Handl, S., & Paulsen, P. (2024) · Veterinary Medicine Austria · doi:10.5680/wtm000029
Practice and attitude of pet owners feeding raw based pet diets compared to non-raw based diets
Bjornson, K., & Chen, D. (2022) · BCIT Environmental Public Health Journal · doi:10.47339/ephj.2021.192
“From a public health perspective, it is preferred to prepare raw-based foods in a separate area from human food because of the risk of cross-contamination (Anturaniemi et al., 2019; Nilsson, 2015).”
BackgroundVassallo, K. O., & Morales-Cauti, S. (2021) · Revista de Investigaciones Veterinarias del Perú · doi:10.15381/rivep.v32i3.20406
“Se encontró 38.2% de nivel de resistencia a 12 antimicrobianos, porcentaje mayor al 23% reportado por Nilsson (2015) en muestras de dietas crudas para perros.”
InfluentialFlavour of the month: foods as diagnosis and/or treatment
Roudebush, P., & de Souza, C. P. (2017) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119278368.ch7.11
- Authors
- Nilsson, O.
- Affiliations
- Swedish Veterinary Agency (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Nilsson, Oskar
- Venue
- Infection Ecology & Epidemiology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2015-01
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 28758
- ISSN
- 2000-8686 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4613903
- OpenAlex
- W2136397294
- Cited by
- 43
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 1.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- Infection Ecology & Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Statens Jordbrugs- og Veterinærvidenskabelige Forskningsråd
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Medicine › Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Salmonella and Campylobacter epidemiology
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Food Safety and Hygiene
- Keywords
- raw food diet, dogs, Escherichia coli, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase, antimicrobial resistance, pet food, blaCMY-2, plasmid-mediated AmpC, cefotaxime, public health risk
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Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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