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Cited by 10Primate Behavior and EcologyEvolutionary Psychology and Human BehaviorAnimal Behavior and Reproduction

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The dynamics of interpersonal spacing in monkeys and man

Baldwin, John D., Baldwin, Janice I.·1974·American Journal of Orthopsychiatry
DOI 10.1111/j.1939-0025.1974.tb01157.x
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Abstract

Data from primate studies suggest that social spacing in many species is controlled by conditioning effects. As do monkeys, humans divide up their social space in ways that closely reflect underlying personality factors and social patterns. Although much of social spacing is beyond conscious awareness in daily life, the study of animals and humans has begun to establish the factors that govern proxemic behavior.

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

  • The Peripersonal Space in a social world

    Bogdanova, O. V., Bogdanov, V. B., Dureux, A., Farnè, A., & Hadj-Bouziane, F. (2021) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2021.05.005 · Cited by 86

    “This distance governing social interactions is a ubiquitous entity, present with some variations across the animal kingdom and in humans (Baldwin & Baldwin, 1974; Kennedy, Gl€ascher, Tyszka, & Adolphs, 2009; Vestal, 1977).”
    Background

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Metadata

Authors
Baldwin, J. D., & Baldwin, J. I.
Affiliations
University of California, Santa Barbara (US)
Venue
American Journal of Orthopsychiatry
Publisher
American Psychological Association (APA)
Published
1974-10
Volume
44
Issue
5
Pages
790-806
ISSN
  • 0002-9432 (ISSN-L)
  • 1939-0025
DOI
10.1111/j.1939-0025.1974.tb01157.x
OpenAlex
W2084518048
Cited by
10
References
1
Citations by year
2025: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2021: 2 · 2015: 1
FWCI
1.11
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • American Journal of Orthopsychiatry (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • National Science Foundation (GS-1474)
  • Public Health Service (1-Fl-MH-29,131, BEH; MH 16482-01)
  • National Institute of Mental Health (MH 1 7882-01)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Primate Behavior and Ecology
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Animal Behavior and Reproduction
Keywords
social space, proxemics, monkeys, personality, social behavior, conditioning, animal behavior
MeSH terms
Animals, Avoidance Learning, Awareness, Child Development, Conditioning, Psychological, Conditioning, Classical, Conditioning, Operant, Culture, Humans, Imitative Behavior, Macaca, Mother-Child Relations, Peer Group, Personality, Play and Playthings, Psychological Theory, Psychology, Comparative, Psychosocial Deprivation, Reinforcement, Psychology, Psychological Distance, Social Environment, Social Isolation, Socialization, Spatial Behavior

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CoChat. (2026). Citation check: The dynamics of interpersonal spacing in monkeys and man. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1111/j.1939-0025.1974.tb01157.x
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Baldwin, J. D., & Baldwin, J. I. (1974). The dynamics of interpersonal spacing in monkeys and man. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-0025.1974.tb01157.x