Beyond Upgrading: Gendered Labor and the Restructuring of Firms in the Dominican Republic
Abstract
In the literature on global commodity chains, industrial upgrading describes the process whereby firms shift to more secure or more profitable niches within or between industries through organizational learning facilitated by networks. While the framework of upgrading identifies key dynamics of competition between capitals, it nonetheless sidelines inquiry into how such imperatives condition and are conditioned by labor. To address this conceptual weakness, I argue that studies of the restructuring of production networks can be enriched through a feminist analysis of value. In particular, the efforts of firms to reposition themselves in networks should be considered in light of struggles to rework the basis of labor's value to capital, a process of reproducing and recombining interlocking social differences into novel combinations of exploitable workers. I explore this process through an in‐depth case study of a large garment firm in the Dominican Republic, in which upgrading involved the reworking of skilled and unskilled work, animated by gendered practices and norms, that led to the masculinization of skilled sewing and the feminization of new service engineering functions.
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Specific knowledge acquisition strategies required for upgrading vary depending on the nature of home institutions and labor markets.
“Specific knowledge acquisition strategies required for upgrading vary depending on the nature of home institutions and labor markets (Barrientos, Knorringa, Evers, Visser, & Opondo, 2016;Pipkin & Fuentes, 2017;Werner, 2012).”
From Global value chains: A review of the multi-disciplinary literature (2020) · cites this paper as Werner, 2012
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Lund‐Thomsen, P. (2025) · Environment and Planning A Economy and Space · doi:10.1177/0308518x251401438
“…to incorporate insights from decolonial thought into GVC research and economic geography more broadly (e.g. Bertana and Gaytán, 2025; Gradin, 2016; Werner, 2012; Werner and Bair, 2019), particularly through explorations of intersectional hierarchies such as gendered, racialized, and class-based…”
Selwyn, B., & Bernhold, C. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780191994906.002.0006
Selwyn, B., & Bernhold, C. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780191994906.003.0005
Advance praise for Capitalist Value Chains
Selwyn, B., & Bernhold, C. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780191994906.002.0001
Economic Upgrading through Class Differentiation
Selwyn, B., & Bernhold, C. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780191994906.003.0008
Selwyn, B., & Bernhold, C. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780191994906.003.0001
The Supply Chain Resilience Agenda
Selwyn, B., & Bernhold, C. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780191994906.003.0006
Selwyn, B., & Bernhold, C. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780191994906.003.0010
Selwyn, B., & Bernhold, C. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780191994906.003.0007
Karaagac, E. A. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-92524-5_174
Credit or Constraint: Postcolonial Feminist Ethics of Empowerment in Microfinance
Kaufmann, L., & Krim, M. (2026) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-026-06443-0
- Authors
- Werner, M.
- Affiliations
- University at Buffalo, State University of New York (US)
- Corresponding author
- Werner, Marion
- ORCID
- Werner, Marion
- Venue
- Economic Geography
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2012-06-18
- Volume
- 88
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 403-422
- ISSN
- 0013-0095 (ISSN-L)
- 1944-8287
- OpenAlex
- W1589659407
- Cited by
- 79
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 4
- FWCI
- 15.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Economic Geography (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Global trade, sustainability, and social impact
- Social Sciences › Development › Software Engineering and Design Patterns
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Employment, Labor, and Gender Studies
- Keywords
- industrial upgrading, gendered labor, corporate restructuring, global commodity chains, apparel industry, value of labor, feminization of work, production networks, Dominican Republic
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