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Source regions and timescales for the delivery of water to the Earth
Open accessAbstract
Abstract—In the primordial solar system, the most plausible sources of the water accreted by the Earth were in the outer asteroid belt, in the giant planet regions, and in the Kuiper Belt. We investigate the implications on the origin of Earth's water of dynamical models of primordial evolution of solar system bodies and check them with respect to chemical constraints. We find that it is plausible that the Earth accreted water all along its formation, from the early phases when the solar nebula was still present to the late stages of gas‐free sweepup of scattered planetesimals. Asteroids and the comets from the Jupiter‐Saturn region were the first water deliverers, when the Earth was less than half its present mass. The bulk of the water presently on Earth was carried by a few planetary embryos, originally formed in the outer asteroid belt and accreted by the Earth at the final stage of its formation. Finally, a late veneer, accounting for at most 10% of the present water mass, occurred due to comets from the Uranus‐Neptune region and from the Kuiper Belt. The net result of accretion from these several reservoirs is that the water on Earth had essentially the D/H ratio typical of the water condensed in the outer asteroid belt. This is in agreement with the observation that the D/H ratio in the oceans is very close to the mean value of the D/H ratio of the water inclusions in carbonaceous chondrites.
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“Impacts from comets and asteroids delivered a variety of organics to early Earth, even though they provided only a very small fraction of Earth's water budget (Morbidelli et al., 2000).”
From The Astrobiology Primer v2.0 (2016) · cites this paper as Morbidelli et al., 2000
In the citing paper
“This idea has since been largely discredited due to the low probability of cometary collisions with Earth (Morbidelli et al., 2000) and the high D/H ratio of many, though not all, comets (e.g., Marty and Yokochi, 2006).”
From The Astrobiology Primer v2.0 (2016) · cites this paper as Morbidelli et al., 2000
In the citing paper
“No more than 10% of Earth's water was delivered by comets originating from the trans-uranian region, based on the differences in observed D/H ratio between comets and Earth's current water supply (Morbidelli et al., 2000).”
From The Astrobiology Primer v2.0 (2016) · cites this paper as Morbidelli et al., 2000
In the citing paper
“However, it is widely agreed that the primary source of water on Earth was delivery by material similar to C-type asteroids (Morbidelli et al., 2000) via the Grand Tack model, as discussed above.”
From The Astrobiology Primer v2.0 (2016) · cites this paper as Morbidelli et al., 2000
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InfluentialChronology of Solar System Formation
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“…where the temperature rises above the sublimation temperature of water, has attracted interest due to its importance for planet formation (e.g., Morbidelli et al. 2000), planetesimal formation (Kretke & Lin 2007; Brauer et al. 2008b; Drążkowska & Dullemond 2014), and its general importance for…”
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“…or at least similar to objects currently occupying the present-day main belt, could have played a significant role in the primordial delivery of water to the terrestrial planets (Morbidelli et al. 2000; Raymond et al. 2004; Raymond & Izidoro 2017; O’Brien et al. 2006, 2018, and references within).”
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“Recent geodynamical and geochemical/cosmochemical studies suggest that accretion of volatile elements from wet planetesimals was also possible at the same time as planetary cores segregation (Morbidelli et al., 2000; Marty, 2012; OBrien et al., 2014; Sarafian et al., 2014; Hallis et al., 2015).”
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Garenne, A. (2014) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/788498e5z1c83z4b43z88d8z9980d8b0fb9d
“Through this process, carbonaceous chondrites were enriched in hydrogen, and could therefore have contributed an important source of water on Earth (e.g. Morbidelli et al., 2000; Dauphas, 2000; Albarède, 2009; TrigoRodrı́guez and Martin-Toress, 2012).”
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“- 2ème problème : la probabilité de collision d’une planète tellurique avec une comète est très petite [Morbidelli et al., 2000].”
BackgroundInfluentialLa Lune : un monde d’eau ! - Etat des connaissances et perspectives hydrotechniques
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“We also assumed that, following the model of Morbidelli et al. (2000), in which the main source of Earth’s water is the water-rich bodies in the solar system’s asteroid belt, the water in the habitable planet of a binary system is originated from the asteroid region of its primary and is delivered…”
BackgroundRole of Dynamical Research in the Detection and Characterization of Exoplanets
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“For example, interactions between the giant planets and a massive planetesimal disk may have triggered the late-heavy bombardment of the Earth (Tsiganis et al. 2005) and contributed to the delivery of Earth's ocea ns (Morbidelli et al. 2000).”
BackgroundOrigins of Sea Water on the Earth
Ikoma, M., & Genda, H. (2007) · Journal of Geography (Chigaku Zasshi) · doi:10.5026/jgeography.116.196
Ohtsuki, K., Takahashi, A., & Sano, M. (2004) · doi:10.2343/geochemj.38.455
“…or radial diffusion due to gravitational scattering between planetesimals and protoplanets (e.g., Ohtsuki and Tanaka, 2003) during the early stage of the solar system evolution, and also as comets from the Uranus-Neptune region and the Kuiper Belt in the later stage (e.g., Morbidelli et al., 2000).”
BackgroundAstronomy: Giants in the asteroid belt
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“This means that the Earth was formed dry and then the water was delivered to it [74].”
BackgroundHow Did Initial Life-Related Molecules Appear on Earth?
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Pinti, D. (2017) · Encyclopedia of earth sciences series/Encyclopedia of earth sciences · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_210
Amyloids plausible Role in and a Concept for Abiogenesis
Friedmann, M. (2016) · doi:10.3929/ethz-a-010784216
“4 billion years [13, 14] and a good part of this water is believed to have been present while the planet initially formed [15].”
BackgroundSome Critical Interpretations and Misinterpretations of Lunar Features
Malcuit, R. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-11388-3_5
Formation of telluric planets and the origin of terrestrial water
Raymond, S. N. (2014) · BIO Web of Conferences · doi:10.1051/bioconf/20140201003
Lunine, J. (2014) · Treatise on Geochemistry · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-095975-7.00126-1
Self-citationCharacterizing young debris disks through far-infrared and optical observations
Donaldson, J. (2014) · University Libraries (University of Maryland) · doi:10.13016/m26k6n
“A significant fraction of Earth’s water likely came from Kuiper Belt comets (Morbidelli et al. 2000).”
BackgroundTurbulent Chaos and Self-Organization in Cosmic Natural Media
Marov, M. Y., & Kolesnichenko, A. V. (2012) · Astrophysics and space science library · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-5155-6_1
Formation of habitable planets
Chambers, J. (2011) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511933875.011
Self-citationVázquez, M., Πάλλη, Ε., & Montañés-Rodríguez, P. (2010) · Astronomy and astrophysics library · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1684-6_2 · Cited by 4
Our Cosmic Heritage of Complex Molecules
Lunine, J. I. (2010) · EAS Publications Series · doi:10.1051/eas/1041039
Self-citationArmitage, P. J. (2009) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511802225.003
Grenfell, J. L. (2009) · Numerical data and functional relationships in science and technology. Group VI, Astronomy and astrophysics · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-88055-4_26
Micrometeorites and the Early Atmosphere and Oceans
Maurette, M. (2004) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b0-08-043152-6/01927-6
Metadata
- Authors
- Morbidelli, A., Chambers, J., Lunine, J. I., Petit, J. M., Robert, F., Valsecchi, G. B., & Cyr, K. E.
- Affiliations
- Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur (FR)
- Armagh Observatory & Planetarium (GB)
- University of Arizona (US)
- Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (FR)
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (US)
- Corresponding author
- Morbidelli, A.
- Venue
- Meteoritics & Planetary Science
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2000-11
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1309-1320
- ISSN
- 1086-9379 (ISSN-L)
- 1945-5100
- OpenAlex
- W2014359877
- Cited by
- 881
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 43 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 71 · 2017: 38 · 2016: 49 · 2015: 39 · 2014: 52 · 2013: 42 · 2012: 39
- FWCI
- 12.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Meteoritics and Planetary Science (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Space and Planetary Science › Astro and Planetary Science
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Space and Planetary Science › Planetary Science and Exploration
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies
- Keywords
- origin of Earth's water, water delivery, outer asteroid belt, Kuiper belt, planetary embryos, late veneer, hydrogen/deuterium ratio, carbonaceous chondrites, water inclusions, solar nebula, planetesimal accretion, giant planet migration
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