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Reality testing and auditory hallucinations: A signal detection analysis
Abstract
The hypothesis that hallucinators are deficient in the metacognitive skill of reality testing was tested using the methodology of signal detection theory. In Expt 1 undergraduate subjects scoring high or low on a scale measuring predisposition to hallucination were tested on an auditory signal detection task. High scorers on the scale were found to differ from low scorers on a measure of perceptual bias but not on a measure of sensitivity. In Expt 2 a similar methodology was used with hallucinating and non-hallucinating schizophrenic patients, with similar results. These results support the hypothesis that hallucinators or subjects highly disposed towards hallucination are deficient in reality testing and are therefore prone to identify imaginary events as real.
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“There is evidence that people prone to hallucinations experience a perceptual bias which increases the influence of prior (top-down) information over bottom-up sensory input (“over-weighted priors”). 26 , 31 , 32”
From Towards an Integrative Account of Potential Mechanisms Mediating the Path From Sleep Dysfunction to Hallucinations (2025) · cites this paper as [31]
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THE CONTINUITY OF PSYCHOTIC EXPERIENCES IN THE GENERAL POPULATION
Johns, L. C., & van Os, J. (2001) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/s0272-7358(01)00103-9 · Cited by 960
“Bentall and Slade (Bentall & Slade, 1985) and Young and colleagues (Young, Bentall, Slade, & Dewey, 1986) gave a modified version of the scale to 136 and 203 undergraduate students, respectively.”
BackgroundInfluentialPavlovian conditioning-induced hallucinations result from overweighting of perceptual priors
Powers, A. R., Mathys, C., & Corlett, P. R. (2017) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aan3458 · Cited by 684
Nonsocial and social cognition in schizophrenia: current evidence and future directions
Green, M. F., Horan, W. P., & Lee, J. (2019) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20624 · Cited by 612
The illusion of reality – a review and integration of psychological research on hallucinations
Bentall, R. P. (1990) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.107.1.82 · Cited by 630
Self-citationWaters, F., Allen, P., Aleman, A., Fernyhough, C., Woodward, T. S., Badcock, J. C., Barkus, E., Johns, L., Varese, F., Menon, M., et al. (2012) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbs045 · Cited by 423
“unimpaired perceptual sensitivity but show lax decision criteria about accepting an signal as real and biases in responding that misattribute events to a nonself source.(9)”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Metadata
- Authors
- Bentall, R. P., & Slade, P. D.
- Affiliations
- University of Liverpool (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Bentall, R. P.
- ORCID
- Bentall, R. P.
- Venue
- British Journal of Clinical Psychology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1985-09
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 159-169
- ISSN
- 0144-6657 (ISSN-L)
- 2044-8260
- OpenAlex
- W1987901560
- Cited by
- 362
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 8.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- British Journal of Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Aberystwyth University
- Bangor University
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Hallucinations in medical conditions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
- Keywords
- reality testing, auditory hallucinations, signal detection theory, metacognition, perceptual bias, sensitivity, schizophrenia, hallucination proneness
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Auditory Perception, Decision Making, Ego, Hallucinations, Humans, Imagination, Male, Reality Testing, Schizophrenic Psychology
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