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The evolution of social attractiveness and its role in shame, humiliation, guilt and therapy
Abstract
This paper suggests that humans have innate needs to be seen as attractive to others. These needs form the basis for shame and mediate evaluations of social standing (status), social acceptance and social bonds. Shame and humiliation are associated with attacks on, and losses of, social attractiveness. The internal experiences of shame are derived from submissive strategies where one seeks to signal to others awareness of loss of social standing and limit possible damage. However, it is suggested that shame and humiliation differ from each other in a number of ways. For example, in shame the focus is on the self, while in humiliation the focus is on the harm done by others. Variations in the defensive strategies of shame and humiliation (e.g. avoidance, escape versus aggression and revenge) can pose particularly difficult problems in therapy. A focus on the role of social attractiveness in shame also allows for important distinctions to be drawn between shame and guilt.
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“Shame is theorized to have evolved to prevent humans from behaving in ways that have a high negative social cost and could result in social devaluation by others and loss of social rank (e.g., cheating, stealing) (89, 90).”
In the citing paper
“Experiences of being “disgraced, devalued, demoted, dishonored, degraded, discredited, humiliated, ridiculed, shunned, ostracized, or scorned” (Gilbert, 1997, p. 113) are signalled to us through the emotion of shame; the feeling there is something flawed, bad or worthless about us (Gilbert, 1989).”
From Is Shame Hallucinogenic? (2017) · cites this paper as Gilbert, 1997
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, not only is shame itself a complex mix of cognition and affect (Gilbert, 1997)”
From Is Shame Hallucinogenic? (2017) · cites this paper as Gilbert, 1997
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Items 201–300 of 541
From Shame to Shame Resilience
Dayal, H., Weaver, K., & Domene, J. F. (2014) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/1049732314551988 · Cited by 23
Moral Communities in Anti-Doping Policy: A Response to Bowers and Paternoster
Macedo, E., Englar‐Carlson, M., Lehrbach, T., & Gleaves, J. T. (2017) · Sport Ethics and Philosophy · doi:10.1080/17511321.2017.1371791 · Cited by 23
“Psychological research on shame indicates that shame is not merely ‘potent’ but is in fact considered, ‘one of the most powerful, painful, and potentially destructive experiences known to humans’ (Gilbert 1997, 113).”
BackgroundRaza, A., Yousafzai, S., & Saeed, S. (2024) · International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research · doi:10.1108/ijebr-05-2023-0471 · Cited by 22
Duarte, C., & Pinto-Gouveia, J. (2016) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-016-0624-1
“Gilbert’s evolutionary biopsychosocial model of shame (Gilbert, 1992, 1997, 1998, 2002) proposes that shame is both a self-focused and socially-focused emotion.”
BackgroundKupeli, N., Norton, S., Chilcot, J., Campbell, I. C., Schmidt, U. H., & Troop, N. (2017) · Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1080/21642850.2017.1316667 · Cited by 24
“Attachment refers to the bond that develops between an infant and its caregiver (Bowlby, 1977) and social rank refers to one’s perceived position in relation to others in a hierarchical structure (Gilbert, 1997).”
BackgroundMotivational Monitoring: How to Identify Ruptures and Impasses and Enhance Interpersonal Attunement
Monticelli, F., & Liotti, M. (2021) · Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy · doi:10.1007/s10879-020-09485-1 · Cited by 24
“…among depressed patients, shame—which derives from the fear of losing one’s social ranking—has an important adaptive value since it inhibits the aggressiveness of the dominant member within the group, and leads who feels it to avoid other potentially humiliating situations (Gilbert 1997; Kim et al.”
BackgroundSadath, A., Kavalidou, K., McMahon, E. M., Malone, K. M., & McLoughlin, A. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0292691 · Cited by 24
“In relation to depressive symptomatology, it has been observed that external shame yields Gilbert (1997) [53] https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0292691.t001 stronger associations than internal shame [47] (External shame is centred on the experience of oneself being perceived in a judgmental…”
BackgroundInfluentialBrazão, N., da Motta, C., Rijo, D., Salvador, M. D. C., Pinto‐Gouveia, J., & Ramos, J. (2015) · Journal of Experimental Criminology · doi:10.1007/s11292-014-9224-5 · Cited by 21
“However, while individuals feeling shame tend to compete for social status (Gilbert 1997, 1998, 2002), individuals with paranoid beliefs seek to protect themselves from malevolent intent from others (Gilbert at al.”
BackgroundRelationship Between Cognitive Distortions and Psychological Disorders Across Diagnostic Axes
Rosenfield, B. (2004) · Digital Commons - PCOM (Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine) · Cited by 21
On the Link between Perceived Parental Rearing Behaviors and Self-conscious Emotions in Adolescents
Meesters, C. M. G., Muris, P., Dibbets, P., Cima, M., & Lemmens, L. H. J. M. (2017) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-017-0695-7 · Cited by 22
“More specifically, Gilbert (1997; 2000) has demonstrated that children low in social rank are more inclined to evaluate themselves through other people’s eyes, and as a consequence experience more often selfconscious emotions as guilt and shame.”
BackgroundSocial Rank and Symptom Change in Eating Disorders: A 6‐month Longitudinal Study
Troop, N. A., Andrews, L., Hiskey, S., & Treasure, J. L. (2013) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.1830 · Cited by 20
“Social attractiveness (social attention holding power) rather than dominance by aggression (resource holding power) is thought to be the preferred strategy for humans in achieving status and rank (Gilbert, 1992, 1997) and is achieved through displays of attractiveness, competence and talent.”
BackgroundKlinger, R. S., Ladany, N., & Kulp, L. E. (2011) · The Counseling Psychologist · doi:10.1177/0011000011416372 · Cited by 20
Ryall, E. S. T. (2019) · Journal of the Philosophy of Sport · doi:10.1080/00948705.2019.1609359 · Cited by 20
“evolved because it enables a negotiation of social hierarchy (e.g. Gilbert and McGuire, 1998; Frijda 1993; Gilbert 1997; Sznycer et al. 2018).”
BackgroundResearching Appearance: Models, Theories, and Frameworks
Thompson, A. R. (2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199580521.013.0010 · Cited by 21
The Experience of Self-conscious Emotions in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Thematic Analysis
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“…(Miller, 2007); (2) shame, an internal attribution of oneself as “bad” and “inferior” to others when perceived as unattractive, inadequate or flawed (Gilbert, 1997, 1999, 2002); (3) humiliation, experienced when placed in a powerless state by another, which is externally attributed to a ‘bad’…”
BackgroundThe Context, Content, and Claims of Humiliation in Response to Collective Victimhood
Jogdand, Y., Khan, S. S., & Reicher, S. D. (2020) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190875190.003.0004 · Cited by 19
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Pain and social decision-making: New insights from the social framing effect
Gu, R., Liu, J., & Cui, F. (2019) · Brain Science Advances · doi:10.26599/bsa.2019.9050020 · Cited by 18
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“First, in that moment I had become acutely aware my own shame in perceiving myself not to be the caring, ideal Other and of my subsequent desire to detract attention from the uncomfortable feeling of being idealized so overtly by placing her as the subject of our coconstructed narrative, a subject worthy of praise and…”
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“On the contrary, perceiving or experiencing failures in these domains is perceived as highly threatening and sets the basis for the activation of shame and self-critical/attacking feelings and cognitions (Gilbert 1992, 1997, 1998, 2002, 2003, 2007; Tangney and Dearing 2002).”
BackgroundAttachment and the Development of Moral Emotions in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review
Martins, M. C., Santos, A. F., Fernandes, M., & Veríssimo, M. (2021) · Children · doi:10.3390/children8100915 · Cited by 23
“High levels of self-conscious emotion might be maladaptive, for example, when guilt is experienced in an obsessive, ruminative way or fused with feelings of shame [36].”
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“, shame [13, 17], through compassion-focused therapy (CFT) [16, 32].”
Interpersonal processes and self‐injury: a qualitative study using Bricolage
Rayner, G., & Warne, T. (2016) · Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/jpm.12277 · Cited by 17
Phenomenology and thematic content of intrusive imagery in bowel and bladder obsession
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Between the eye and the gaze: Maternal shame in the novel We Need to Talk about Kevin
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Kidd, C., Loxton, N. J., Uhlmann, L., Seeto, C.-J., & Donovan, C. L. (2023) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.07.007 · Cited by 18
Compassion focused therapy for self-stigma and shame in autism: a single case pre-experimental study
Riebel, M., Krasny‐Pacini, A., Manolov, R., Rohmer, O., & Weiner, L. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1281428 · Cited by 25
Bird, B. M., Carré, J. M., Knack, J. M., & Arnocky, S. A. (2016) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.5406/amerjpsyc.129.2.0169 · Cited by 17
The Evolution of Pride and Shame
Beall, A. T., & Tracy, J. L. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108131797.016 · Cited by 21
Social Anxiety and Social Behavior: A Test of Predictions From an Evolutionary Model
Tone, E. B., Nahmias, E., Bakeman, R. A., Kvaran, T., Brosnan, S. F., Fani, N., & Schroth, E. A. (2018) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702618794923 · Cited by 17
Young people's perceptions of visible difference
Stock, N. M., Whale, K., Jenkinson, E., Rumsey, N., & Fox, F. E. (2013) · Bristol Research (University of Bristol) · Cited by 16
A Structured Review of Emotional Barriers to WASH Provision for Schoolgirls Post-Disaster
Royo, M. G., Parrott, E., Pacheco, E.-M., Ahmed, I., Meilianda, E., Kumala, I. D., Oktari, R. S., Joffé, H., & Parikh, P. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su14042471 · Cited by 18
McLean, L., Bambling, M., & Steindl, S. R. (2018) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260518793975 · Cited by 20
“In CFT, shame is viewed as an evolved function to alert us to the violation of social norms and values (Gilbert, 1997).”
BackgroundNegative Self-Conscious Emotions: Appraisals, Action Tendencies, and Labels
Mu, W., & Berenbaum, H. (2019) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2019.38.2.113 · Cited by 14
The roles of empathy, shame, and guilt in violence decision-making
Trivedi‐Bateman, N. (2015) · Apollo (University of Cambridge) · doi:10.17863/cam.16553 · Cited by 13
Seah, R., & Berle, D. (2022) · Clinical Psychology in Europe · doi:10.32872/cpe.7801 · Cited by 13
“In line with this, theoretical models of shame classify it as a self-conscious emotion, as it arises when the self is implicated by a negative and aversive event that violates internal and/or external standards and evokes judgement from others (Gilbert, 1997; Lewis, 1971; Tangney & Dearing, 2002).”
BackgroundAmoss, S., Lynch, M., & Bratley, M. (2016) · Journal of Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/1467-6427.12101 · Cited by 15
Ma, R., & Kelly, A. C. (2019) · Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia Bulimia and Obesity · doi:10.1007/s40519-019-00797-3 · Cited by 15
The general sociometer shame: positive interpersonal consequences of an ugly emotion
de Hooge, I. E. (2014) · Socio-Environmental Systems Modeling · Cited by 13
Sanchez, H., Clark, D. A., & Fields, S. A. (2019) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02746 · Cited by 14
“As mentioned previously, this study did not evaluate the internal and external subdivisions of shame proposed by Gilbert (1997).”
BackgroundDisclosure of Sexual Victimization: Effects of Invalidation and Shame on Re-Disclosure
Catton, A. K. H., Dorahy, M. J., & Yogeeswaran, K. (2023) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605231155122 · Cited by 17
“Thus, state shame is an affective state stemming from an undesired shift in one’s social standing and is experientially and qualitatively similar to feelings of humiliation and degradation (Gilbert, 1997).”
BackgroundA New Measure of the Expression of Shame: The Shame Code
France, K. D., Lanteigne, D. M., Glozman, J., & Hollenstein, T. (2016) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-016-0589-0 · Cited by 12
Wang, L., Wu, Q., & Choi, A. W. (2017) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260517713225 · Cited by 15
“Shame is frequently defined as a basic human emotion derived from an innate human need to be seen as socially attractive; it is elicited by negative selfevaluation, perceived devaluation by others, or unfavorable social comparison (Gilbert, 1997; MacDonald & Leary, 2005).”
BackgroundLong, R., Chen, H., Hu, T., Chen, Y., Cao, B., Wang, R., Hu, F., Xu, C., Yu, X., Liu, Y., et al. (2022) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-021-03665-6 · Cited by 14
“Occupational related factor has become one of the most important maladaptive triggers for depression evolution [13].”
BackgroundRole of virtues in the relationship between shame and tendency to plagiarise
Pandoi, D., Gaur, S., & Gupta, A. K. (2019) · International Journal of Educational Management · doi:10.1108/ijem-02-2018-0074 · Cited by 8
Experiences of shame and intellectual disabilities: Two case studies
Marriott, C., Parish, C., Griffiths, C., & Fish, R. (2019) · Journal of Intellectual Disabilities · doi:10.1177/1744629519844091 · Cited by 17
“However, the majority of the literature distinguishes between two types of shame: external shame and internal shame (Clapton, Williams, and Jones, 2018; Gilbert, 1997; Gilbert, 1998; Gilbert and Procter, 2006).”
BackgroundLuoma, J., & Lear, M. K. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.733893 · Cited by 11
Fernández, S., Saguy, T., Gaviria, E., Agudo, R., & Halperin, E. (2021) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672211053078 · Cited by 11
“As a social species that has evolved depending on successful cooperation with conspecifics for survival and reproduction, we have an innate need to be accepted and valued by others (Baumeister & Leary, 1995; Gilbert, 1997).”
BackgroundHarris, N. (2017) · ANU Press eBooks · doi:10.22459/rt.02.2017.04 · Cited by 11
“all emphasise the need to be accepted by others—because the need to have strong personal ties is a basic human motive, because there is an evolutionary need to maintain status or because shame is related to the person’s perception of his or her own self-worth (Gilbert 1997; Leary 2000; Scheff and Retzinger 1991).”
Cohen, A. S., Chun, R., & Sznycer, D. (2020) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.191922 · Cited by 14
“Shame has the complementary function of minimizing the spread of adverse information about the self and the reputational damage that occurs when such information reaches the minds of others [8,9,12,24].”
BackgroundWu, N., Mo, J., Wen, A., Ou, H., Gu, W., Qiu, Y., Yuan, L., & Lan, X. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20021440 · Cited by 13
Self-Conscious Emotions and Social Functioning
de Hooge, I. E., Zeelenberg, M., & Breugelmans, S. M. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-6953-8_12 · Cited by 11
“It would make speech, movement, and action more difficult and less likely (Gilbert, 1997), and would be related to submission, social avoidance, withdrawal, rejection, and disengagement from others (Dickerson & Gruenewald, 2004; Lewis, 2003; Probyn, 2004; Tangney, 1991, 1995; Tangney et al.”
BackgroundMaster, J. M. C., Carvalho, C. M. D. O. B., da Motta, C., Sousa, M. C., & Gilbert, P. (2016) · American Journal of Psychiatric Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/15487768.2016.1197860 · Cited by 12
“According to Gilbert et al. (2007), negative attitudes toward mental health problems may generate internal shame, stemming from negative selfjudgments, in which individuals regard the themselves as inferior, worthless, or unattractive (Cook, 1996; Gilbert, 1997; Gilbert et al., 2007; Lewis, 1987).”
BackgroundSelf-citationBanner, A., Frumin, I., & Shamay‐Tsoory, S. (2018) · Chemical Senses · doi:10.1093/chemse/bjy002 · Cited by 11
Status ranking and gender inequality: A cross-country experimental comparison
Gërxhani, K. (2020) · Research in Social Stratification and Mobility · doi:10.1016/j.rssm.2020.100474 · Cited by 11
Shame and Pride inHow to Look Good Naked
Frith, H., Raisborough, J., & Klein, O. (2012) · Feminist Media Studies · doi:10.1080/14680777.2012.722558 · Cited by 11
Evolutionary Explanations of Eating Disorders
Kardum, I., Gračanin, A., & Hudek‐Knežević, J. (2008) · University of Zagreb University Computing Centre (SRCE) · Cited by 11
Roberts, M. (2015) · Digital Commons - PCOM (Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine) · Cited by 11
Lian, Y., Liu, L., Lu, Z., & Wang, W. (2022) · PsyCh Journal · doi:10.1002/pchj.540 · Cited by 13
Kowalczuk, P., & Musial, J. (2024) · Computers in Human Behavior Reports · doi:10.1016/j.chbr.2024.100450 · Cited by 12
Kotera, Y., Asano, K., Jones, J., Colman, R. D., Taylor, E., Aledeh, M., Barnes, K., Golbourn, L.-M., & Kishimoto, K. (2023) · Mental Health Religion & Culture · doi:10.1080/13674676.2023.2230908 · Cited by 10
“Shame, theorised to perform an evolutionarily adaptive self-pro-tective function in social groups (Gilbert, 1997), has been defined as the self-conscious negative emotion of failing to meet a standard (Tangney, 1990), leading to global negative judgements of the self (Tangney, 1991).”
Tran, M. N. (2023) · Journal of Foodservice Business Research · doi:10.1080/15378020.2023.2261831 · Cited by 17
“According to Gilbert (1997), social attractiveness is a concept in psychology that refers to the ability to influence the state of other people’s minds.”
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“Shame is an ‘affect’ and for some a basic emotion (Gilbert, 1997).”
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Depression in men and women: Relative rank, interpersonal dependency, and risk-taking.
Brewer, G., & Olive, N. (2014) · Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1037/h0097761 · Cited by 10
“Therefore human competition extends beyond physical resource control, with individuals competing to be viewed as attractive and competent (Gilbert, 1992, 1997).”
BackgroundInfluentialAn Understanding of Social Violence: How Insurgents Use it as a Strategy of Control
Sanaullah (2020) · Civil Wars · doi:10.1080/13698249.2021.1846350 · Cited by 10
Defensive Responses to Early Memories with Peers: a Possible Pathway to Disordered Eating
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“Disclosures of torture may not be made to the CBT therapist by the survivor of torture due to factors such as shame and guilt as a result of the trauma (Gilbert, 1997; Lee et al., 2001).”
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“Gilbert (2003) has argued that humans are innately motivated to seek social approval and belonging, and that shame may result from feeling that one is inferior to others in terms of social rank or attractiveness (Gilbert, 1997; Gilbert, 2000).”
BackgroundExperiences among women with shame and self-compassion in cardio-based exercise classes
Rogers, K. A., & Ebbeck, V. (2015) · Qualitative Research in Sport Exercise and Health · doi:10.1080/2159676x.2015.1056826 · Cited by 10
A sense of shame among the virtues
Nichols, R. (2016) · Journal of Moral Education · doi:10.1080/03057240.2016.1174677 · Cited by 9
“One experiences the emotion of being ashamed by perceiving one’s social devaluation by another (Frijda, 1993; Gilbert, 1997).”
BackgroundKanders, S. H., Nilsson, K. W., & Åslund, C. (2021) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1007/s10389-020-01460-3 · Cited by 9
“Shame of one’s body may have serious effects on behaviour and confidence in social contexts (Gilbert 1997).”
BackgroundInfluentialHofseth, E., Toering, T., & Jordet, G. (2015) · Journal of Applied Sport Psychology · doi:10.1080/10413200.2015.1014974 · Cited by 9
“Knowing that shame is “one of the most powerful, painful, and potentially destructive experiences known to humans” (Gilbert, 1997, p. 113), one explanation for this result is that players that are especially susceptible for this emotion in response to failure (shame-prone players) may use…”
BackgroundMoral emotions and prosocial behaviour: It may be time to change our view of shame and guilt
de Hooge, I. E. (2013) · Socio-Environmental Systems Modeling · Cited by 9
The humiliation experience: Causes, emotional correlates, and behavioral consequences.
McCarley, K. E. (2009) · Digital Commons - DU (University of Denver) · Cited by 9
Shame, ethical identity and conformity: Lessons from research on the psychology of social influence
Harris, N. (2011) · Hart Publishing eBooks · doi:10.5040/9781472565471.ch-009 · Cited by 14
“This idea is elaborated on by a number of scholars who have argued that shame is a response to the perception that one's social bonds with others are threatened (Leary, 2000; Scheff & Retzinger, 1991), the perception of having transgressed other's values (Gibbons, 1990), or the perception of having lower social status…”
BackgroundThe Nature, Origins, and Consequences of Finnish Shame-Proneness : A Grounded Theory Study
Malinen, B. (2010) · Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja · Cited by 9
Institutional safe space and shame management in workplace bullying
Shin, H. H. (2005) · ANU Open Research (Australian National University) · doi:10.25911/5d7a2b977c03e · Cited by 9
“In spite of the work of Gilligan and Williams to adopt more relational accounts of morality, Miller and Bersoff (1992) are critical of what they see as a Western paradigm, in which individuals’ needs and desires are contested with those of others.”
BackgroundFoucault’s error: The power of not knowing
Offer, K., Rahwan, Z., & Hertwig, R. (2024) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463283.2024.2383085 · Cited by 11
“By not knowing, higher-status individuals may avoid guilt, arising from neglecting others’ welfare (Baumeister et al., 1995; Gilbert, 1997).”
Network dynamics of self‐compassion, anxiety, and depression during eating disorder therapy
Kopland, M. C. G., Vrabel, K. R., Landt, M., Hoffart, A., Johnson, S. U., & Giltay, E. J. (2024) · European Eating Disorders Review · doi:10.1002/erv.3121 · Cited by 9
“Paul Gilbert (1997) first defined external shame as related to one's preoccupation about how others will appraise and evaluate oneself.”
Hendriks, E., Muris, P., & Meesters, C. (2021) · Child Psychiatry and Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-021-01143-4 · Cited by 9
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“Given the inherent tendency to protect and preserve one’s social self (Baumeister & Leary, 1995; Gilbert, 1997), social evaluation can be understand as a natural stressor that poses a threat for social esteem and social status by requiring a person to manifest socially valued attributes in the presence of others (Dick…”
BackgroundZhang, S., Wang, S., Wang, Z., Wang, Y., Jiang, X., Xu, G., & Cai, Y. (2019) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-019-2329-7 · Cited by 8
Selfconscious Emotions, Psychology of
Tangney, J. P. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-097086-8.25032-0 · Cited by 8
Sznycer, D., & Lukaszewski, A. W. (2019) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/2mnj8 · Cited by 8
A concept analysis of shame in the field of nursing
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“Definitions of shame in the literature reviewed for this study essentially included research papers on shame in the fields of psychology and psychoanalysis by Tangney,(9,11,24) Lewis,(10,22) and Gilbert et al.(13,15,50) Specifically, shame is a negative emotion accompanied by intense distress and anxiety, perceived as…”
BackgroundInfluentialGarofalo, C., Giammarioli, L., Aiolfi, I., Delvecchio, E., & Mazzeschi, C. (2025) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.70136 · Cited by 16
“While the distinction of internal vs. external shame is based on Gilbert's (1997) seminal contribution, conceptualizations of shame as an emotion that arises and ‘spans’ diverse aspects such as behaviour, body or character (e.g., López-Castro et al. 2019) are largely based on Andrews et al.'s…”
Understanding Perceived Stress in Adolescent Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Sunavsky, A., Moreau, J., & Tripp, D. A. (2021) · Journal of the Canadian Association of Gastroenterology · doi:10.1093/jcag/gwab036 · Cited by 8
“Shame is distinct because it involves not only how one is perceived as different by others, but also how one internally devaluates and criticizes themselves (51,52).”
BackgroundWall, K., Kerr, S., Nguyen, M., & Sharp, C. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.12.152 · Cited by 7
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Metadata
- Authors
- Gilbert, P.
- Affiliations
- University of Derby (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Gilbert, Paul
- ORCID
- Gilbert, Paul
- Venue
- British Journal of Medical Psychology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1997-06
- Volume
- 70
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 113-147
- ISSN
- 0007-1129 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1981058655
- Cited by
- 539
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 41 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 30 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 27
- FWCI
- 9.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- British Journal of Medical Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Forgiveness and Related Behaviors
- Keywords
- social attractiveness, shame, humiliation, guilt, social status, social acceptance, social bonds, defense strategy, avoidance, psychotherapy, evolutionary psychology of emotion
- MeSH terms
- Attention, Mental Disorders, Guilt, Humans, Psychological Theory, Shame, Social Desirability
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