Cited by 541Emotions and Moral BehaviorPsychoanalysis and Psychopathology ResearchForgiveness and Related Behaviors

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The evolution of social attractiveness and its role in shame, humiliation, guilt and therapy

Gilbert, Paul·1997·British Journal of Medical Psychology

DOI 10.1111/j.2044-8341.1997.tb01893.x

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Abstract

This paper suggests that humans have innate needs to be seen as attractive to others. These needs form the basis for shame and mediate evaluations of social standing (status), social acceptance and social bonds. Shame and humiliation are associated with attacks on, and losses of, social attractiveness. The internal experiences of shame are derived from submissive strategies where one seeks to signal to others awareness of loss of social standing and limit possible damage. However, it is suggested that shame and humiliation differ from each other in a number of ways. For example, in shame the focus is on the self, while in humiliation the focus is on the harm done by others. Variations in the defensive strategies of shame and humiliation (e.g. avoidance, escape versus aggression and revenge) can pose particularly difficult problems in therapy. A focus on the role of social attractiveness in shame also allows for important distinctions to be drawn between shame and guilt.

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Crossref · 10.1111/j.2044-8341.1997.tb01893.x

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“13,14 Qualitative research has identi ﬁ ed that the factors impacting the psychological well-being of adults with cleft include social support, 7,11,44 satisfaction with treatment outcomes, 11,44 appearance-satisfaction, 7,11 and tendency toward optimism.”
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Borrego-Ruiz, A., & Fernández, S. (2026) · Psychology International · doi:10.3390/psycholint8010022 · Cited by 3
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The influence of guilt and shame on L1 and L2 apology speech acts in academic contexts
Pérez, L. M., & Mavrou, I. (2026) · Intercultural Pragmatics · doi:10.1515/ip-2025-8006 · Cited by 1
“…associated with interpersonal repair and the assumption of responsibility (Baumeister et al. 1995; Sheikh and Jano ﬀ -Bulman 2010; Tangney and Dearing 2002), whereas shame has been linked to withdrawal, avoidance, and negative self-evaluation (De Hooge et al. 2011; Gilbert 1997; Lewis 1971).”
MAINTAINING THE PRIVACY OF PATIENTS, PART 2
Dini, G. M., & Ferreira, L. M. (2003) · Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery · doi:10.1097/01.prs.0000067434.81908.37 · Cited by 1
Social comparison and submissive behaviour
Troop, N. A., Allan, S., Treasure, J. L., & Katzman, M. A. (2003) · Cited by 1
Development of a Crime-Related Shame and Guilt Scale for Prisoners in the Philippine Context
Rubia, M. K. T. (2016) · Journal of Forensic Psychology · doi:10.4172/2475-319x.1000112 · Cited by 2
“Contrary to guilt, shame impedes confession [4] and it is often noted that guilt focuses on specific behavior while shame involves focusing on the global self [6].”
Background
Shame as a social phenomenon
Leeming, D., & Boyle, M. (2003) · University of Huddersfield Repository (University of Huddersfield) · Cited by 1
Examining the Role of Shame in Somatic Pain and Symptoms
Fritch, H. (2018) · Digital Commons (Liberty University) · Cited by 1
Can we count on each other? An inquiry about Portuguese citizens’ individual and relational dispositions
Minas, M. (2020) · Análise Psicológica · doi:10.14417/ap.1675 · Cited by 1
“Individuals struggle to gain their place in social groups, competing for acceptance and to earn a positive status (Gilbert, 1997).”
Background

Authors: Gilbert, P.
Affiliations: University of Derby (GB)
Corresponding author: Gilbert, Paul
ORCID: Gilbert, Paul
Venue: British Journal of Medical Psychology
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 1997-06
Volume: 70
Issue: 2
Pages: 113-147
ISSN: 0007-1129 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1111/j.2044-8341.1997.tb01893.x
OpenAlex: W1981058655
Cited by: 539
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 41 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 30 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 27
FWCI: 9.25
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 5154 d)
Locations: British Journal of Medical Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Forgiveness and Related Behaviors
Keywords: social attractiveness, shame, humiliation, guilt, social status, social acceptance, social bonds, defense strategy, avoidance, psychotherapy, evolutionary psychology of emotion
MeSH terms: Attention, Mental Disorders, Guilt, Humans, Psychological Theory, Shame, Social Desirability

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The evolution of social attractiveness and its role in shame, humiliation, guilt and therapy

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