Kefir micro-organisms: their role in grain assembly and health properties of fermented milk
Open accessAbstract
Kefir is a homemade viscous and slightly effervescent beverage obtained by milk fermentation with kefir grains, which are built up by a complex community of lactic acid and acetic acid bacteria and yeasts confined in a matrix of proteins and polysaccharides. The present review summarizes the role of kefir micro-organisms in grain assembly and in the beneficial properties attributed to kefir. The use of both culture-dependent and independent methods has made possible to determine the micro-organisms that constitute this ecosystem. Kefir consumption has been associated with a wide range of functional and probiotic properties that could be attributed to the micro-organisms present in kefir and/or to the metabolites synthetized by them during milk fermentation. In this context, the role of micro-organisms in kefir health promoting properties is discussed with particular attention to the contribution of yeast as well as bioactive metabolites such as lactic and acetic acid, exopolysaccharides and bioactive peptides. Even though many advances on the knowledge of this ancient fermented milk have been made, further studies are necessary to elucidate the complex nature of the kefir ecosystem.
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Kefir is a low-cost food, accessible to the general population, easy to handle, and with great functional potential due to its bioactive compounds like exopolysaccharides, conjugated fatty acids and peptidases.
“It is a low-cost food, accessible to the general population, easy to handle and with great functional potential (18) due to its bioactive compounds (11, 18) like exopolysaccharides, conjugated fatty acids and peptidases (11, 16).”
From Kefir and Intestinal Microbiota Modulation: Implications in Human Health (2021) · cites this paper as [16]
The Health promoting properties section describes kefir’s functional and probiotic properties and attributes potential benefits partly to metabolites in the fermented milk. The Abstract describes homemade production and reuse of kefir grains, but the paper does not establish that kefir is low-cost, accessible to the general population, or easy to handle. The specific compound list is cited to other sources in the citing sentence. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredKefir is a fermented product formed by a single culture composed of lactic and acetic acid bacteria and yeast.
“Kefir is a fermented product (11, 16) formed by a single culture composed of lactic and acetic acid bacteria and yeast (17).”
From Kefir and Intestinal Microbiota Modulation: Implications in Human Health (2021) · cites this paper as [16]
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Self-citationKakisu, E. J., Abraham, A. G., Tironi-Farinati, C., Ibarra, C., & Antoni, G. L. D. (2012) · Journal of Dairy Research · doi:10.1017/s0022029912000659 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citationBrasil, G. A., Silva‐Cutini, M. A., Moraes, F. D. S. A., Pereira, T. D. M. C., Vasquez, E. C., Lenz, D., Bissoli, N. S., Endringer, D. C., de Lima, E. M., Biancardi, V. C., et al. (2018) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2017.12.007 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Inhibitory effect of kefiran on ovalbumin-induced lung inflammation in a murine model of asthma
Kwon, O.-K., Ahn, K.-S., Lee, M.-Y., Kim, S.-Y., Park, B.-Y., Kim, M.-K., Lee, I.-Y., Oh, S.-R., & Lee, H.-K. (2008) · Archives of Pharmacal Research · doi:10.1007/s12272-001-2156-4 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
The biofilm hypothesis: The formation mechanism of Tibetan kefir grains
Dong, J., Liu, B., Jiang, T., Liu, Y., & Chen, L. (2017) · International Journal of Dairy Technology · doi:10.1111/1471-0307.12473 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Zavala, L., Golowczyc, M. A., Hoorde, K. V., Medrano, M., Huys, G. R. B., Vandamme, P. A. R., & Abraham, A. G. (2016) · Beneficial Microbes · doi:10.3920/bm2015.0196 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citationSantanna, A. F., Filete, P. F., de Lima, E. M., Porto, M. L., Meyrelles, S. S., Vasquez, E. C., Endringer, D. C., Lenz, D., Abdalla, D. S. P., Pereira, T. D. M. C., et al. (2016) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2016.11.001 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Biological activity of the non-microbial fraction of kefir: antagonism against intestinal pathogens
Iraporda, C., Abatemarco, M., Neumann, E., Nunes, Á. C., Nicoli, J. R., Abraham, A. G., & Garrote, G. L. (2017) · Journal of Dairy Research · doi:10.1017/s0022029917000358 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationFine Structure of Tibetan Kefir Grains and Their Yeast Distribution, Diversity, and Shift
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de Paiva, I. M., Steinberg, R. S., Lula, I. S., de Souza-Fagundes, E. M., Mendes, T. D. O., Bell, M. J. V., Nicoli, J. R., Nunes, Á. C., & Neumann, E. (2016) · LWT · doi:10.1016/j.lwt.2016.05.010 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Russian Kefir Grains Microbial Composition and Its Changes during Production Process
Kotova, I., Cherdyntseva, T. A., & Netrusov, A. I. (2016) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/5584_2016_2 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
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Londero, A., Iraporda, C., Garrote, G. L., & Abraham, A. G. (2014) · International Journal of Dairy Technology · doi:10.1111/1471-0307.12161 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
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Bolla, P. A., Abraham, A. G., Pérez, P. F., & Serradell, M. D. L. Á. (2015) · Beneficial Microbes · doi:10.3920/bm2015.0061 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationDevelopment of an immunochemical method to detect Lactobacillus kefir
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Viable cells differentiation improves microbial dynamics study of fermented milks
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Genotypic diversity of bacteria and yeasts isolated from Tibetan kefir
Gao, W., & Zhang, L. (2018) · International Journal of Food Science & Technology · doi:10.1111/ijfs.13735 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
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Sorted by citations
Eating Fermented: Health Benefits of LAB-Fermented Foods
Castellone, V., Bancalari, E., Rubert, J., Gatti, M., Neviani, E., & Bottari, B. (2021) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods10112639 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Kefir and Intestinal Microbiota Modulation: Implications in Human Health
Peluzio, M. D. C. G., Dias, M. D. M. E., Martinez, J. A., & Milagro, F. I. (2021) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2021.638740 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
- Authors
- Bengoa, A. A., Iraporda, C., Garrote, G. L., & Abraham, A. G.
- Affiliations
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (AR)
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Ingeniería; UNCPBA; Olavarría Argentina
- Corresponding author
- Abraham, A.G.
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Microbiology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2018-10-18
- Volume
- 126
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 686-700
- ISSN
- 1364-5072 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2891533616
- Semantic Scholar
- de540a7a5ded8f32be82323361f7bc471a24ae4d
- Cited by
- 197
- References
- 110
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 9
- FWCI
- 1.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Applied Microbiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- CONICET Digital (CONICET) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Conicet (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Funders
- Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica (PICT 0639)
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (PIP 0511)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Fermentation and Sensory Analysis
- Keywords
- kefir, kefir grains, fermented milk, lactic acid bacteria, acetic acid bacteria, yeast, microbial community assembly, probiotic properties, functional properties, bioactive metabolites, exopolysaccharides, bioactive peptides, lactic acid, acetic acid, health-promoting properties
- MeSH terms
- Kefir, Animals, Fermentation, Humans, Milk, Yeasts, Bioreactors, Probiotics, Lactobacillales
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