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Nurses’ burnout and associated risk factors during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis
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Abstract
Abstract Aims To examine the nurses' burnout and associated risk factors during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Design We followed the Cochrane criteria and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analysis guidelines for this systematic review and meta‐analysis. Data Sources PubMed, Scopus, ProQuest, Cochrane COVID‐19 registry, CINAHL and pre‐print services (medRχiv and PsyArXiv) were searched from January 1 to November 15, 2020 and we removed duplicates. Review Methods We applied a random effect model to estimate pooled effects since the heterogeneity between results was very high. Results Sixteen studies, including 18,935 nurses met the inclusion criteria. The overall prevalence of emotional exhaustion was 34.1%, of depersonalization was 12.6% and of lack of personal accomplishment was 15.2%. The main risk factors that increased nurses' burnout were the following: younger age, decreased social support, low family and colleagues readiness to cope with COVID‐19 outbreak, increased perceived threat of Covid‐19, longer working time in quarantine areas, working in a high‐risk environment, working in hospitals with inadequate and insufficient material and human resources, increased workload and lower level of specialized training regarding COVID‐19. Conclusion Nurses experience high levels of burnout during the COVID‐19 pandemic, while several sociodemographic, social and occupational factors affect this burnout. Impact We found that burnout among nurses is a crucial issue during the COVID‐19 pandemic. There is an urgent need to prepare nurses to cope better with COVID‐19 pandemic. Identification of risk factors for burnout could be a significant weapon giving nurses and health care systems the ability to response in a better way against the following COVID‐19 waves in the near future.
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“This burden appears to have peaked during the most demanding periods of the COVID-19 pandemic”
From What do we really know about addressing burnout among healthcare workers? Maybe less than we think (2026) · cites this paper as [6]
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“It was similar to a recent meta-analysis (8.7% in HCWs) [43], but was much lower than the 35.4% reported in the first wave in the US [44].”
From Seroprevalence of COVID-19 and Psychological Distress among Front Liners at the Universiti Malaysia Sabah Campus during the Third Wave of COVID-19 (2022) · cites this paper as [43]
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“although burnout in the healthcare field was already a long-standing issue before the pandemic.6,7”
From What do we really know about addressing burnout among healthcare workers? Maybe less than we think (2026) · cites this paper as [6]
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Colgan, J., Kourouche, S., Tofler, G. H., Miles, K., & Buckley, T. A. (2025) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.70234
“Moderate stress can boost motivation and may be helpful in the short term, but prolonged pressure without support can lead to burnout (Galanis et al. 2021).”
Salmond, S. W., Keeping‐Burke, L., Norberg, A., Sinacori, B., Maiocco, S., & Ross‐White, A. (2025) · JBI Evidence Synthesis · doi:10.11124/jbies-24-00238
Burnout in Primary Health Care Professionals During the COVID-19 Pandemic and Associated Factors
Fernandes, M. N. D. S., Finckler, P. V. P. R., Weiller, T. H., Trindade, L. D. L., Tavares, J. P., & Pai, D. D. (2025) · Aquichan · doi:10.5294/aqui.2025.25.3.6
Rabenu, E., & Shertzer, Y. (2025) · Journal of Nursing Management · doi:10.1155/jonm/5525447
“…will be able to generate practices and policies that can assist the appraisers of the process (e.g., head nurses) to improve performance, job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and hopefully minimize negative phenomena such as stress and burnout that nurses experience in their role [31, 32].”
Systematic review on occupational stress and its risk factors among nurses
Jaradat, Y., Mahareq, O., Ganazreh, S., Manasreh, T., & Shaban, M. (2025) · Nursing Depths Series · doi:10.56294/nds2025419 · Cited by 2
Turgay, G., Çağatay, H. T., Demirel, Y., & Gülşen, M. (2025) · BMC Nursing · doi:10.1186/s12912-025-03925-w · Cited by 1
“The highly stressful work environment of nurses, who provide continuous care services, distinguishes them from other professional groups and makes their professional quality of life (ProQOL) critical [14, 15].”
Choperena, A., Martínez-García, A.-B., Olza, I., Vázquez‐Calatayud, M., & Rosa‐Salas, V. L. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-7433765/v1
Solmos, S., Eisenhauer, C. M., Lally, R. M., & Cuddigan, J. (2025) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph22111603
Meurling, L., Escher, C., Dahl, O., Osika, W., Ruiz, M., Ericson, M. O., & Creutzfeldt, J. (2025) · BMJ Open Quality · doi:10.1136/bmjoq-2025-003459
“16 17 18–22 This paper is part of a research project whose main aim is to gain a broader perspective and better understand the conditions and challenges faced by front-line staff working in COVID-19 ICUs during the pandemic.”
Nursing Education and Public Health Campaigns in Reducing Communicable Disease Transmission
Alanazi, D. H. S., Almutairi, A. M. D., Alanazi, E. K. G., Alhazmi, L. M. S., Altarfawi, D. S. B., Aljabbab, A. A., Alsulimi, H. S. M., Alraddadi, M. A., Qarah, B. B., & Alrashdi, F. H. A. (2024) · International Journal of Computational and Experimental Science and Engineering · doi:10.22399/ijcesen.4187
“The dramatic success of anti-smoking campaigns over decades was not just about informing people of the health risks but about changing the social acceptability of smoking— making it seem unusual rather than normal [44].”
Impact of COVID ‐19 on Telephone‐Triage Nurses' Emotional Well‐Being: A Qualitative Study
Knudsen, É. N. A., Cullen, L., Edmonds, S. W., Murphy, B., & Pennathur, P. R. (2025) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.70285
Maliro, J. F. M., & Dlamini, T. (2025) · doi:10.38124/ijisrt/25oct1421
Male nurses and intimate partner violence: Examining mental health problems
Showalter, K., Conner, L. R., Curry, B., Hossain, M. S., Barnhart, S., & Dillman, H. (2025) · Journal of Workplace Behavioral Health · doi:10.1080/15555240.2025.2581667
“As essential workers, nursing professionals’ immense pressure to uphold the healthcare field has led to record high burnout and need for mental health services (Galanis et al., 2021).”
Creedon, S. A., Trace, A., Arensman, E., & Smiddy, M. P. (2025) · HRB Open Research · doi:10.12688/hrbopenres.13915.2
“Organisational issues, including lack of autonomy 18 and poor social supports can also contribute to burnout 19 , which can result in reduced work efficacy 20,21 and higher rates of absenteeism 22 .”
When Caregivers Need Care: The Hidden Challenges of Nurses in the Workplace
Seyednazari, M. A., & Dorosti, A. M. (2025) · مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی اراک · doi:10.61882/jams.28.4.229
GÖK, G. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-7786716/v1
Stress and burnout syndrome in healthcare personnel: diagnosis and prevention strategies
Álvares, D. M. O., Guzmán, M. H. F., Sarria, J. J. G., Guzmán, L. H. F., & Hoyos, M. L. B. (2025) · Salud Ciencia y Tecnología · doi:10.56294/saludcyt20262571
Akiyama, N., Hayami, K., Murakami, E., Imai, K., Takahashi, A., Ito, T., & Yamada, M. (2025) · Journal of Disaster Research · doi:10.20965/jdr.2025.p1080
Fuladvandi, M., Shahrousvand, S., Sarlak, E., fouladvandi, G., & Roshani, S. (2025) · Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Sciences · doi:10.5812/jnms-165551
Self‐Care for Nurses: A Concept Analysis to Protect Nurses and Patient Safety
Schwarz, L., & Leibold, N. (2025) · Nursing Forum · doi:10.1155/nuf/2230595
“However, recent increases in nurses experiencing burnout [3, 4] and the prolonged impact of COVID-19 have created a nursing shortage aftermath [5–7].”
Liu, N., Niu, L., Hu, Q., Wang, Y., Zheng, D., Yao, M., & Mi, G. (2025) · Revista da Escola de Enfermagem da USP · doi:10.1590/1980-220x-reeusp-2025-0162es
Guerrazzi-Young, C., Kim, D. H., & Jones, D. A. (2025) · Information Polity · doi:10.1177/15701255251400513
“The mental burden on healthcare workers has been strong, with high levels of stress and burnout reported widely (Galanis et al., 2021; Jalili et al., 2021).”
McTavish, C., Hall, L. M., Price, S. L., Visekruna, S., & Blain, A. (2025) · International Nursing Review · doi:10.1111/inr.70140
Metadata
- Authors
- Galanis, P., Vraka, I., Fragkou, D., Bilali, A., & Kaitelidou, D.
- Affiliations
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (GR)
- Panagiotis & Aglaia Kyriakou Children's Hospital (GR)
- Center for Health Services Management and Evaluation Department of Nursing School of Health Sciences National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Athens Greece
- Corresponding author
- Galanis, Petros
- Venue
- Journal of Advanced Nursing
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2021-03-25
- Volume
- 77
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 3286-3302
- ISSN
- 0309-2402 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2648
- PMC
- PMC8250618
- OpenAlex
- W3147264347
- Cited by
- 993
- References
- 100
- Citations by year
- 2026: 87 · 2025: 162 · 2024: 236 · 2023: 293 · 2022: 179 · 2021: 33
- FWCI
- 24.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Advanced Nursing (publishedVersion)
- medRxiv (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Occupational Health and Burnout
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Healthcare professionals’ stress and burnout
- Keywords
- nurse burnout, COVID-19 pandemic, emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, personal accomplishment, risk factors, social support, workload, threat perception, COVID-19 training, nurses
- MeSH terms
- Burnout, Psychological, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Burnout, Professional, Humans, Nurses, Risk Factors, Pandemics
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