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Nurses’ burnout and associated risk factors during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis
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Abstract
Abstract Aims To examine the nurses' burnout and associated risk factors during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Design We followed the Cochrane criteria and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analysis guidelines for this systematic review and meta‐analysis. Data Sources PubMed, Scopus, ProQuest, Cochrane COVID‐19 registry, CINAHL and pre‐print services (medRχiv and PsyArXiv) were searched from January 1 to November 15, 2020 and we removed duplicates. Review Methods We applied a random effect model to estimate pooled effects since the heterogeneity between results was very high. Results Sixteen studies, including 18,935 nurses met the inclusion criteria. The overall prevalence of emotional exhaustion was 34.1%, of depersonalization was 12.6% and of lack of personal accomplishment was 15.2%. The main risk factors that increased nurses' burnout were the following: younger age, decreased social support, low family and colleagues readiness to cope with COVID‐19 outbreak, increased perceived threat of Covid‐19, longer working time in quarantine areas, working in a high‐risk environment, working in hospitals with inadequate and insufficient material and human resources, increased workload and lower level of specialized training regarding COVID‐19. Conclusion Nurses experience high levels of burnout during the COVID‐19 pandemic, while several sociodemographic, social and occupational factors affect this burnout. Impact We found that burnout among nurses is a crucial issue during the COVID‐19 pandemic. There is an urgent need to prepare nurses to cope better with COVID‐19 pandemic. Identification of risk factors for burnout could be a significant weapon giving nurses and health care systems the ability to response in a better way against the following COVID‐19 waves in the near future.
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“This burden appears to have peaked during the most demanding periods of the COVID-19 pandemic”
From What do we really know about addressing burnout among healthcare workers? Maybe less than we think (2026) · cites this paper as [6]
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“It was similar to a recent meta-analysis (8.7% in HCWs) [43], but was much lower than the 35.4% reported in the first wave in the US [44].”
From Seroprevalence of COVID-19 and Psychological Distress among Front Liners at the Universiti Malaysia Sabah Campus during the Third Wave of COVID-19 (2022) · cites this paper as [43]
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“although burnout in the healthcare field was already a long-standing issue before the pandemic.6,7”
From What do we really know about addressing burnout among healthcare workers? Maybe less than we think (2026) · cites this paper as [6]
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A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Burnout Among Healthcare Workers During COVID-19
Ghahramani, S., Lankarani, K. B., Yousefi, M., Heydari, K., Shahabi, S., & Azmand, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.758849 · Cited by 293
“One study summarized the prevalence of nurse burnout during pandemics (29).”
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Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Galanis, P., Vraka, I., Fragkou, D., Bilali, A., & Kaitelidou, D.
- Affiliations
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (GR)
- Panagiotis & Aglaia Kyriakou Children's Hospital (GR)
- Center for Health Services Management and Evaluation Department of Nursing School of Health Sciences National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Athens Greece
- Corresponding author
- Galanis, Petros
- Venue
- Journal of Advanced Nursing
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2021-03-25
- Volume
- 77
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 3286-3302
- ISSN
- 0309-2402 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2648
- PMC
- PMC8250618
- OpenAlex
- W3147264347
- Cited by
- 993
- References
- 100
- Citations by year
- 2026: 87 · 2025: 162 · 2024: 236 · 2023: 293 · 2022: 179 · 2021: 33
- FWCI
- 24.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Advanced Nursing (publishedVersion)
- medRxiv (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Occupational Health and Burnout
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Healthcare professionals’ stress and burnout
- Keywords
- nurse burnout, COVID-19 pandemic, emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, personal accomplishment, risk factors, social support, workload, threat perception, COVID-19 training, nurses
- MeSH terms
- Burnout, Psychological, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Burnout, Professional, Humans, Nurses, Risk Factors, Pandemics
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