Alcohol Consumption and the Risk of Hypertension in Men and Women: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
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J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) . 2012;14:792–798. ©2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heavy alcohol intake increases the risk of hypertension, but the relationship between light to moderate alcohol consumption and incident hypertension remains controversial. The authors sought to analyze the dose‐response relationship between average daily alcohol consumption and the risk of hypertension via systematic review and meta‐analysis. Electronic databases were searched for prospective control studies examining quantitative measurement of alcohol consumption and biological measurement of outcome. The primary endpoint was the risk of developing hypertension based on alcohol consumption. The level of alcohol consumption from each study was assigned to categorical groups based on the midpoint of their alcohol consumption classes to make possible the comparison of heterogeneous classification of alcohol intake. A total of 16 prospective studies (33,904 men and 193,752 women) were included in the analysis. Compared with nondrinkers, men with alcohol consumption with <10 g/d and 11 to 20 g/d had a trend toward increased risk of hypertension (relative risk [RR], 1.03; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.94–1.13; P =.51) and (RR, 1.15; 95% CI, 0.99–1.33; P =.06), respectively, whereas a significantly increased risk of hypertension was found with heavy alcohol consumption of 31 to 40 g/d (RR, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.39–2.26; P <.001) and >50 g/d (RR, 1.61; 95% CI, 1.38–1.87; P <.001). Among women, the meta‐analysis indicated protective effects at <10 g/d (RR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.82–0.92; P <.001) and a trend toward decreased risk of hypertension with alcohol consumption 11 to 20 g/d (RR, 0.9; 95% CI, 0.87–1.04; P =.17), whereas a significantly increased risk of hypertension was indicated with heavy alcohol consumption of 21 to 30 g/d (RR, 1.16; 95% CI, 0.91–1.46; P =.23) and 31 to 40 g/d (RR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.07–1.32; P =.002). In men, heavy alcohol consumption is associated with increased risk of hypertension, whereas there is a trend toward increased risk of hypertension with low and moderate alcohol consumption. The relationship between alcohol consumption and hypertension is J‐shaped in women. Limiting alcohol intake should be advised for both men and women.
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Chronic heavy drinking is detrimental for blood pressure/hypertension, ischaemic heart disease, cardiomyopathy, atrial fibrillation and flutter, and all types of stroke.
“Clearly, chronic heavy drinking is detrimental (for blood pressure/hypertension 241, 242; ischaemic heart disease 243; cardiomyopathy 244; atrial fibrillation and flutter 245; all types of stroke 246), but there is also evidence for an increased risk associated with irregular heavy drinking, even in people who are on average light to moderate drinkers (ischaemic heart disease 247, 248, 249; ischa”
From The relationship between different dimensions of alcohol use and the burden of disease—an update (2017) · cites this paper as [242]
The dose-response association between alcohol and blood pressure may differ between men (linear) and women (J shaped) and can be modified by metabolic genes.
“The dose-response association may differ between men (linear) and women (J shaped)164 and can be modified by metabolic genes.163”
From Resistant Hypertension: Detection, Evaluation, and Management: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2018) · cites this paper as [164]
Alcohol intake has been linked to increases in blood pressure and the risk for developing hypertension.
“Alcohol intake has been linked to increases in BP and the risk for developing hypertension.162–164”
From Resistant Hypertension: Detection, Evaluation, and Management: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2018) · cites this paper as [164]
A DASH-style eating pattern, alcohol restriction to <10 g/d (women) and <20 g/d (men), and a variety of other dietary modifications can each yield significant reductions in BP among patients with hypertension.
“A DASH-style eating pattern,174,175 alcohol restriction to <10 g/d (women) and <20 g/d (men),162–165 and a variety of other dietary modifications174 can each yield significant reductions in BP among patients with hypertension.”
From Resistant Hypertension: Detection, Evaluation, and Management: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2018) · cites this paper as [164]
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- Authors
- Briasoulis, A., Agarwal, V., & Messerli, F. H.
- Affiliations
- St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Messerli, Franz H.
- ORCID
- Messerli, Franz H.
- Venue
- The Journal of Clinical Hypertension
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2012-09-25
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 792-798
- ISSN
- 1524-6175 (ISSN-L)
- 1751-7176
- PMC
- PMC8108791
- OpenAlex
- W1484875238
- Cited by
- 349
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 39 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 2.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical Hypertension (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Alcohol Consumption and Health Effects
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Blood Pressure and Hypertension Studies
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Sodium Intake and Health
- Keywords
- alcohol consumption, hypertension, heavy drinking, light to moderate drinking, dose-response relationship, sex differences, men, women, incident hypertension risk, prospective cohort, cardiovascular risk factors, alcohol and cancer risk, alcoholic liver disease, alcohol-related injuries
- MeSH terms
- Alcohol Drinking, Female, Humans, Hypertension, Male, Risk Factors, Risk Assessment
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