Evaluation and comparison in caffeine extraction under green conditions: Solvent selection and ultrasound‐assisted process
Abstract
This study compared the green solvents ethyl acetate and water for caffeine extraction from coffee pills against four traditional solvents (ethanol, methanol, acetone, and acetonitrile). Each solvent's green degree (GD) was calculated using seven environmental and technical performance parameters. The environmental parameters were obtained from the Glaxo Smith Kline guide. Fick's law of effective diffusion was used as the technical parameter. Water was selected as the preferred solvent (among the six evaluated in this study), and its ultrasound‐assisted extraction (UAE) conditions were optimized. The optimal conditions were estimated by ridge analysis. It was found that caffeine extraction was approximately 4.3 times higher in UAE than in conventional solid–liquid processes, and the extraction time was reduced by 96%. Moreover, this process improved caffeine extraction with water. Therefore, the use of UAE over conventional solid extraction and water as an inexpensive, easily accessible, manageable, and environmentally friendly solvent provides extraction alternatives for caffeine in different matrices. Additionally, a methodology is proposed to evaluate the GD for each solvent in the green chemistry framework to achieve sustainable development goals.
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Water's easy availability and low cost make it a viable alternative solvent for caffeine extraction.
“Moreover, its easy availability and low cost make it a viable alternative solvent for caffeine extraction.”
From A comprehensive review of ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) for bioactive components: Principles, advantages, equipment, and combined technologies (2023) · cites this paper as [114]
The cost of removing organic solvents after extraction is a significant limitation of employing organic solvents for extraction.
“However, the cost of removing organic solvents after extraction is a significant limitation of employing organic solvents for extraction [114].”
From A comprehensive review of ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) for bioactive components: Principles, advantages, equipment, and combined technologies (2023) · cites this paper as [114]
Johanna et al. [114] found that water achieved the highest GD rating for caffeine extraction.
“The study found that water achieved the highest GD rating for caffeine extraction.”
From A comprehensive review of ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) for bioactive components: Principles, advantages, equipment, and combined technologies (2023) · cites this paper as [114]
The majority of studies have indicated that utilization of organic solvents can enhance extraction efficiency.
“The majority of studies have indicated that the utilization of organic solvents can enhance the efficiency of extraction.”
From A comprehensive review of ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) for bioactive components: Principles, advantages, equipment, and combined technologies (2023) · cites this paper as [114]
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Shen, L., Pang, S., Zhong, M., Sun, Y., Qayum, A., Liu, Y., Rashid, A., Xu, B., Liang, Q., Ma, H., et al. (2023) · Ultrasonics Sonochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106646 · Cited by 892 · see citing works
“However, the cost of removing organic solvents after extraction is a significant limitation of employing organic solvents for extraction [114].”
BackgroundMethod
- Authors
- Serna‐Jiménez, J. A., Torres‐Valenzuela, L. S., & Mejía‐Arango, G.
- Affiliations
- Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira (CO)
- Universidad del Valle (CO)
- Universidad La Gran Colombia (CO)
- Corresponding author
- Torres‐Valenzuela, Laura Sofía
- Venue
- Journal of Food Process Engineering
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2022-08-19
- Volume
- 45
- Issue
- 11
- ISSN
- 0145-8876 (ISSN-L)
- 1745-4530
- OpenAlex
- W4294104514
- Cited by
- 5
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 3
- FWCI
- 0.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Food Process Engineering (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Coffee research and impacts
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Ultrasound and Cavitation Phenomena
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Phase Equilibria and Thermodynamics
- Keywords
- caffeine extraction, green solvents, ultrasound-assisted extraction, water as solvent, ethyl acetate, extraction optimization, ridge analysis, green chemistry, Sustainable Development Goals
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