Possible non-sexual modes of transmission of human papilloma virus.
Abstract
AIM: There is strong evidence to suggest vertical and horizontal modes of transmission of human papilloma virus (HPV), an established etiologic agent of cervical cancer. Infants, children, and adults can acquire both high-risk and low-risk infections by birth or by close contact even though HPV is mainly transmitted sexually. A thorough review of the literature was performed to assess the possible non-sexual modes of transmission of HPV. METHODS: An electronic search of databases for review articles, cross-sectional studies, cohort studies, and case reports on non-sexual modes of transmission among sexually unexposed women and children was carried out using search terms such as "human papilloma virus, HPV, transmission, horizontal transmission, vertical transmission, and fomites". Articles published between 1983 and 2015 were retrieved. RESULTS: Epidemiological and clinical data support various non-sexual modes of transmission especially at the time of birth and by close contact. Even though the role of fomites in the transmission of HPV is not well established, HPV-DNA positivity has been reported in transvaginal ultrasound probes and colposcopes after routine disinfection. CONCLUSION: Awareness needs to be spread among the public about alternate modes of transmission. For a proper understanding of the exact natural history of HPV infection acquired via the non-sexual route, long-term prospective studies need to be undertaken.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Genital warts have been diagnosed among children who have been sexually abused but also among children who have no other evidence of sexual abuse; lesions appearing for the first time in a child aged >5 years are more likely to have been caused by sexual transmission.
“Genital warts have been diagnosed among children who have been sexually abused (1426) but also among children who have no other evidence of sexual abuse (1446,1447); lesions appearing for the first time in a child aged >5 years are more likely to have been caused by sexual transmission (1448).”
From Sexually Transmitted Infections Treatment Guidelines, 2021 (2021) · cites this paper as [1447]
Cites
Classification of papillomaviruses
de Villiers, E., Fauquet, C., Broker, T. R., Bernard, H., & Hausen, H. Z. (2004) · Virology · doi:10.1016/j.virol.2004.03.033 · Cited by 3,192 · see citing works
Cross-roads in the classification of papillomaviruses
de Villiers, E. (2013) · Virology · doi:10.1016/j.virol.2013.04.023 · Cited by 540 · see citing works
Updating the Natural History of Human Papillomavirus and Anogenital Cancers
Moscicki, A., SCHIFFMAN, M. H., Burchell, A. N., Albero, G., Giuliano, A. R., Goodman, M. T., Kjær, S. K., & Palefsky, J. M. (2012) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.05.089 · Cited by 411 · see citing works
Sellors, J. W., Lorincz, A. T., Mahony, J. B., Mielzynska, I., Lytwyn, A., Roth, P., Howard, M., Chong, S., Daya, D., Chapman, W. B., et al. (2000) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Human Papillomavirus Infections in Children: the Potential Role of Maternal Transmission
Syrjänen, S., & Puranen, M. H. (2000) · Critical Reviews in Oral Biology & Medicine · doi:10.1177/10454411000110020801 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
de Jong, J. C., BEYER, W. E. P., Palache, A. M., Rimmelzwaan, G. F., & Osterhaus, A. D. M. E. (2000) · Journal of Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-9071(200005)61:1 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Current concepts on human papillomavirus infections in children
Syrjänen, S. (2010) · Apmis · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0463.2010.02620.x · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Pathak, N., Dodds, J. P., Zamora, J., & Khan, K. S. (2014) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.g5264 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Rintala, M. A. M., Grénman, S., Puranen, M. H., et al. (2005) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.43.1.376-381.2005 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Detection of human papillomavirus DNA on the fingers of patients with genital warts
Sonnex, C., Strauss, S., & Gray, J. (1999) · Sexually Transmitted Infections · doi:10.1136/sti.75.5.317 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Puranen, M. H., Yliskoski, M. H., Saarikoski, S., et al. (1996) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9378(96)70452-0 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Low risk of perinatal transmission of human papillomavirus: Results from a prospective cohort study
Watts, D. H., Koutsky, L. A., Holmes, K. K., et al. (1998) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9378(98)80027-6 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Transplacental transmission of Human Papillomavirus
Rombaldi, R. L., Serafini, E. P., Mandelli, J., et al. (2008) · Virology Journal · doi:10.1186/1743-422x-5-106 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Epidemiology and pathology of HPV disease in males
Giuliano, A. R., Anic, G. M., & Nyitray, A. G. (2010) · Gynecologic Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.ygyno.2010.01.026 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Castellsagué, X., Drudis, T., Cañadas, M. P., et al. (2009) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/1471-2334-9-74 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Presence of Human Papillomavirus DNA in Amniotic Fluids of Pregnant Women with Cervical Lesions
Armbruster-Moraes, E., Ioshimoto, L. M., Leão, E., et al. (1994) · Gynecologic Oncology · doi:10.1006/gyno.1994.1185 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Infection of human papillomaviruses in cancers of different human organ sites.
Shukla, S., Bharti, A. C., Mahata, S., Hussain, S., Kumar, R., Hedau, S. T., & Das, B. C. (2009) · PubMed · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Ferenczy, A. S., Bergeron, C., & Richart, R. M. (1990) · International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics · doi:10.1016/0020-7292(90)90371-q · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Vertical transmission of the human papillomavirus: a systematic quantitative review
Medeiros, L. R., Ethur, A. B. D. M., Hilgert, J. B., et al. (2005) · Cadernos de Saúde Pública · doi:10.1590/s0102-311x2005000400003 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Casalegno, J., Carval, K. L. B., Eibach, D., et al. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0048137 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Human papillomavirus in the placenta and umbilical cord blood
Sarkola, M., Grénman, S., Rintala, M. A. M., Syrjänen, K. J., & Syrjänen, S. (2008) · Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1080/00016340802468308 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Evidence for Vertical Transmission of HPV from Mothers to Infants
Smith, E., Parker, M., Rubenstein, L. M., et al. (2010) · Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1155/2010/326369 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Detection of human papillomavirus DNA in urine. A review of the literature
Vorsters, A., Micalessi, I., Bilcke, J., et al. (2011) · European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1007/s10096-011-1358-z · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Perinatal transmission of human papilomavirus DNA
Rombaldi, R. L., Serafini, E. P., Mandelli, J., et al. (2009) · Virology Journal · doi:10.1186/1743-422x-6-83 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
A risk for non-sexual transmission of human papillomavirus?
Ryndock, E. J., & Meyers, C. (2014) · Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy · doi:10.1586/14787210.2014.959497 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Risk of Vertical Transmission of Human Papillomavirus throughout Pregnancy: A Prospective Study
Lee, S. M., Park, J. S., Norwitz, E. R., Koo, J. N., Oh, I. H., Park, J. W., Kim, S. M., Kim, Y. H., Park, C., & Song, Y. S. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0066368 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
High-risk mucosal human papillomavirus infections during infancy & childhood
Cason, J. W., & Mant, C. (2005) · Journal of Clinical Virology · doi:10.1016/j.jcv.2004.12.007 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Genital warts in children: what do they mean?
Jayasinghe, Y. (2006) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/adc.2005.092080 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Park, H., Lee, S. W., Lee, I.-H., et al. (2012) · Virology Journal · doi:10.1186/1743-422x-9-80 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
M'Zali, F. H., Bounizra, C., Leroy, S., et al. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0093368 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Herrington, C. S. (1994) · Journal of Clinical Pathology · doi:10.1136/jcp.47.12.1066 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Human Papillomavirus in Infants: Transmission, Prevalence, and Persistence
LaCour, D. E., & Trimble, C. (2011) · Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.jpag.2011.03.001 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Ryndock, E. J., Robison, R. A., & Meyers, C. (2015) · Journal of Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/jmv.24421 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Sahasrabuddhe, V. V., Gravitt, P. E., Dunn, S. T., et al. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.01623-13 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Human papilloma virus infection prior to coitarche
Doerfler, D., Bernhaus, A., Kottmel, A., et al. (2009) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2008.12.028 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Kaye, J., Starkey, W. G., Kell, B., et al. (1996) · Journal of General Virology · doi:10.1099/0022-1317-77-6-1139 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Human papillomavirus (HPV) contamination of gynaecological equipment
Gallay, C., Miranda, E., Schaefer, S., et al. (2015) · Sexually Transmitted Infections · doi:10.1136/sextrans-2014-051977 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Human papillomavirus infection among Indian mothers and their infants.
Bandyopadhyay, S., Sen, S., Majumdar, L., et al. (2003) · PubMed · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Possible non-sexual transmission of genital human papillomavirus infections in young women
Pao, C. C., Tsai, P.-L., Chang, Y.-J., et al. (1993) · European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1007/bf01967118 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Human papillomavirus DNA in urine of women with preneoplastic and neoplastic cervical lesions
Das, B., Gopalkrishna, V., Sharma, J. K., et al. (1992) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/0140-6736(92)92612-j · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Survey of human papillomavirus types and their vertical transmission in pregnant women
Hong, Y., Li, S., Hu, Y., & Wang, Z. (2013) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/1471-2334-13-109 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Puranen, M. H., Syrjänen, K. J., & Syrjänen, S. (1996) · Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.3109/00365549609027165 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Transmission of Cervical Cancer-Associated Human Papilloma Viruses from Mother to Child
Cason, J. W., Rice, P. S., & Best, J. M. (1998) · Intervirology · doi:10.1159/000024939 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Does Human Papillomavirus Play a Role in Endometrial Carcinogenesis?
Fedrizzi, E. N., VILLA, L. L., Souza, I. V., et al. (2009) · International Journal of Gynecological Pathology · doi:10.1097/pgp.0b013e318199943b · Cited by 20 · see citing works
High-risk Human Papilloma Virus Infection of the Foreskin in Asymptomatic Boys
de Martino, M., Haitel, A., Wrba, F., et al. (2013) · Urology · doi:10.1016/j.urology.2012.12.011 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Can ‘high‐risk’ human papillomaviruses (HPVs) be detected in human breast milk?
Mammas, I., Zaravinos, A., Sourvinos, G., et al. (2011) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2010.02129.x · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Indian Parents Prefer Vaccinating their Daughters against HPV at Older Ages
Madhivanan, P., Srinivas, V., Marlow, L., Mukherjee, S., Narayanappa, D., Mysore, S., Arun, A., & Krupp, K. (2014) · Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention · doi:10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.1.107 · Cited by 17 · cited 1× · see citing works
“A recent study conducted in Mysore, India noted that Indian parents prefer vaccinating their daughters against HPVat a later age because there is a delay in the onset of sexual activity among young women compared with their counterparts from developed countries.(51) Healthcare professionals have to consider the fact t…”
BackgroundSexual and non-sexual transmission of human papillomavirus (A short review)
Czeglédy, J. (2001) · Acta Microbiologica et Immunologica Hungarica · doi:10.1556/amicr.48.2001.3-4.17 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Detection of Genital HPV Infection Using Urine Samples: a Population Based Study in India
Sabeena, S., Bhat, P. V., Kamath, V. G., et al. (2016) · Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention · doi:10.7314/apjcp.2016.17.3.1083 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationKabekkodu, S. P., Bhat, S., Pandey, D., Varghese, V. K., Shukla, V., Ghosh, S., Kushtagi, P., Bhat, P., Gopinath, P., & Satyamoorthy, K. (2015) · Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention · doi:10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.5.2073 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Sexually Transmitted Infections Treatment Guidelines, 2021
Workowski, K. A., Bachmann, L. H., Chan, P. A., Johnston, C. M., Muzny, C. A., Park, I., Reno, H., Zenilman, J. M., & Bolan, G. A. (2021) · MMWR. Recommendations and Reports · doi:10.15585/mmwr.rr7004a1 · Cited by 2,759 · see citing works
- Authors
- Sabeena, S., Bhat, P., Kamath, V., & Arunkumar, G.
- Affiliations
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education (IN)
- Corresponding author
- Bhat, Parvati
- Venue
- Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2017-02-06
- Volume
- 43
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 429-435
- ISSN
- 1341-8076 (ISSN-L)
- 1447-0756
- OpenAlex
- W2595475550
- Cited by
- 108
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 3
- FWCI
- 1.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Cervical Cancer and HPV Research
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Microbiology › Reproductive tract infections research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Genital Health and Disease
- Keywords
- human papillomavirus, non-sexual transmission, vertical transmission, horizontal transmission, fomites, colposcope, disinfection, cervical cancer, children
- MeSH terms
- Uterine Cervical Neoplasms, Female, Humans, Risk Factors, Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical, Papillomaviridae, Papillomavirus Infections, Fomites
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
