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Cited by 87Bullying, Victimization, and AggressionLGBTQ Health, Identity, and PolicyGender, Sexuality, and Education

Gender Expression, Violence, and Bullying Victimization: Findings From Probability Samples of High School Students in 4 US School Districts

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Gordon, Allegra R., Conron, Kerith J., Calzo, Jerel P., White, Matthew T., Reisner, Sari L., Austin, S. Bryn·2018·Journal of School Health
DOI 10.1111/josh.12606PMC PMC5836796
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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Young people may experience school‐based violence and bullying victimization related to their gender expression, independent of sexual orientation identity. However, the associations between gender expression and bullying and violence have not been examined in racially and ethnically diverse population‐based samples of high school students. METHODS: This study includes 5469 students (13–18 years) from the 2013 Youth Risk Behavior Surveys conducted in 4 urban school districts. Respondents were 51% Hispanic/Latino, 21% black/African American, 14% white. Generalized additive models were used to examine the functional form of relationships between self‐reported gender expression (range: 1 = Most gender conforming, 7 = Most gender nonconforming) and 5 indicators of violence and bullying victimization. We estimated predicted probabilities across gender expression by sex, adjusting for sexual orientation identity and potential confounders. RESULTS: Statistically significant quadratic associations indicated that girls and boys at the most gender conforming and nonconforming ends of the scale had elevated probabilities of fighting and fighting‐related injury, compared to those in the middle of the scale (p < .05). There was a significant linear relationship between gender expression and bullying victimization; every unit increase in gender nonconformity was associated with 15% greater odds of experiencing bullying (p < .0001). CONCLUSIONS: School‐based victimization is associated with conformity and nonconformity to gender norms. School violence prevention programs should include gender diversity education.

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Authors
Gordon, A. R., Conron, K. J., Calzo, J. P., White, M. T., Reisner, S. L., & Austin, S. B.
Affiliations
  • Boston Children's Hospital (US)
  • University of California, Los Angeles (US)
  • San Diego State University (US)
  • Harvard University (US)
Corresponding author
  • Gordon, Allegra R.
  • Conron, Kerith J.
  • Calzo, Jerel P.
  • White, Matthew T.
  • Reisner, Sari L.
  • Austin, S. Bryn
ORCID
Venue
Journal of School Health
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2018-03-02
Volume
88
Issue
4
Pages
306-314
ISSN
  • 0022-4391 (ISSN-L)
  • 1746-1561
DOI
10.1111/josh.12606
PMC
PMC5836796
OpenAlex
W2793350946
Cited by
87
References
3
Citations by year
2026: 6 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 1
FWCI
8.12
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations
  • Journal of School Health (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
  • eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institutes of Health (F32DA042505, K01DA034753, R01 HD066963, R01 HD057368)
  • Maternal and Child Health Bureau
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › LGBTQ Health, Identity, and Policy
  • Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender, Sexuality, and Education
Keywords
gender expression, gender nonconformity, bullying victimization, school violence, high school students, sexual orientation identity, gender norms, fighting, sexual minority youth
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Ethnicity, Female, Gender Identity, Humans, Male, Schools, Students, United States, Urban Population, Violence, Logistic Models, Sexuality, Crime Victims, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, Bullying

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