Associations of nonconforming gender expression and gender identity with bullying victimization: an analysis of the 2017 youth risk behavior survey
Open accessAbstract
Purpose: Although gender nonconformity (GNC) and transgender identity are both linked to bullying victimization, few studies have examined them with bullying victimization simultaneously. Using a sample of Youth Risk Behavior Survey, we investigated the associations of GNC and transgender identity with bullying victimization within the same study. Methods: We analyzed data from the cross-sectional school-based Youth Risk Behavior Survey in 2017 ( n = 25,378). The exposures were GNC and transgender identity. The main outcomes were traditional victimization, cyber victimization, and combined victimization. We calculated adjusted prevalence ratios (APRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using Poisson regression models. Results: There were 22.15% of high school students with GNC, and 1.61% identified themselves as transgender. GNC is associated with traditional (APR,1.45;95%CI, 1.21–1.73), cyber (APR,2.00; 95%CI, 1.66–2.40) and combined victimization (APR,1.61;95%CI, 1.42–1.83) respectively among assigned male at birth (AMAB) students only. Transgender male and female students are both at higher risk of bullying victimization for all the three outcomes than cisgender peers. Conclusions: AMAB GNC and transgender identity are associated with a higher risk of bullying victimization. Providing support systems and celebrating gender diversity within and outside schools are important.
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Most cyberbullying research that includes TGD individuals is focused on LGBT adolescents rather than on the wider LGBTQIA+ community or TGD individuals specifically.
“Most cyberbullying research that includes TGD individuals is focused on LGBT adolescents rather than on the wider LGBTQIA+ community or TGD individuals specifically [3,22,23,24].”
From A Phenomenological Investigation into Cyberbullying as Experienced by People Identifying as Transgender or Gender Diverse (2022) · cites this paper as [23]
The Background (page unavailable) says many studies group LGB and transgender adolescents under the LGBT umbrella, supporting the claim's point about grouping. It does not establish that most cyberbullying research does so, or compare that research with work on the wider LGBTQIA+ community or TGD individuals specifically. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredLGBT adolescents are disproportionally more likely to be victims of cyberbullying than their heterosexual and cisgender peers.
“LGBT adolescents are disproportionally more likely to be victims of cyberbullying than their heterosexual and cisgender peers [3,22,23]”
From A Phenomenological Investigation into Cyberbullying as Experienced by People Identifying as Transgender or Gender Diverse (2022) · cites this paper as [23]
The Results (Table 4; page not provided) show higher cyberbullying victimization among transgender students than cisgender peers, and the Discussion states this finding. The paper does not report a cyberbullying comparison between lesbian, gay, or bisexual adolescents and heterosexual peers; sexual orientation was an adjustment variable in the reported analysis. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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Background
- Authors
- Lian, Q., Li, R., Liu, Z., Li, X., Su, Q., & Zheng, D.
- Affiliations
- Fudan University (CN)
- Capital Institute of Pediatrics (CN)
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CN)
- Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CN)
- Shenzhen Children's Hospital (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Su, Qiru
- Zheng, Dongpeng
- Venue
- BMC Public Health
- Published
- 2022-04-05
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 650-650
- ISSN
- 1471-2458 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8981782
- OpenAlex
- W4223422549
- Cited by
- 28
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 4
- FWCI
- 5.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- BMC Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Sanming Project of Medicine in Shenzhen (SZSM201612036)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › LGBTQ Health, Identity, and Policy
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender, Sexuality, and Education
- Keywords
- gender nonconformity, transgender identity, bullying victimization, cyberbullying, traditional bullying, high school students, gender diversity
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Gender Identity, Humans, Infant, Newborn, Male, Risk-Taking, Crime Victims, Bullying
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