CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 1,295Gender Roles and Identity StudiesGender and Feminist StudiesPsychometric Methodologies and Testing

Development of the Conformity to Masculine Norms Inventory.

Mahalik, James R., Locke, Benjamin D., Ludlow, Larry H., Diemer, Matthew A., Scott, Ryan P. J., Gottfried, Michael, Freitas, Gary·2003·Psychology of Men & Masculinity
DOI 10.1037/1524-9220.4.1.3
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

This article describes the construction of the Conformity to Masculine Norms Inventory (CMNI), and 5 studies that examined its psychometric properties. Factor analysis indicated 11 distinct factors: Winning, Emotional Control, Risk-Taking, Violence, Dominance, Playboy, Self-Reliance, Primacy of Work, Power Over Women, Disdain for Homosexuals, and Pursuit of Status. Results from Studies 2-5 indicated that the CMNI had strong internal consistency estimates and good differential validity comparing men with women and groups of men on health-related questions; all of the CMNI subscales were significantly and positively related to other masculinity-related measures, with several subscales being related significantly and positively to psychological distress, social dominance, aggression, and the desire to be more muscular, and significantly and negatively to attitudes toward psychological help seeking and social desirability; and CMNI scores had high test-retest estimates for a 2-3 week period.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1037/1524-9220.4.1.3

Cites

82 of 82 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Among these respondents, there appears to be added pressure to provide economically given their status as former political prisoners.

    “While being the primary economic support in a household is a common feature of traditional masculinity [48], there appears to be added pressure to provide economically among these respondents given their status as former political prisoners.”

    From Masculinity and mental health treatment initiation for former political prisoners in Yangon, Myanmar – a qualitative investigation (2021) · cites this paper as [48]

  • Mahalik and his team developed the Conformity to Masculinity Norms Inventory (CMNI) and the Conformity to Femininity Norms Inventory (CFNI), which offer a multidimensional vision of gender.

    “Mahalik and his team developed the Conformity to Masculinity Norms Inventory (CMNI) (Mahalik et al., 2003) and the Conformity to Femininity Norms Inventory (CFNI) (Mahalik et al., 2005), which offer a multidimensional vision of gender, basing study of gender on norms considered before the formation of stereotyped behaviors and roles.”

    From Health From a Gender Perspective (2017) · cites this paper as Mahalik et al., 2003

  • The original 94-item CMNI has good internal consistency, construct validity and discriminant validity.

    “When the original 94-item instrument was developed it was shown to have good internal consistency, construct validity and discriminant validity [20].”

    From Masculinity and suicidal thinking (2017) · cites this paper as [20]

  • The CMNI-22 is an abbreviated version of the original 94-item CMNI designed to measure cognitive, behavioural and affective conformity to dominant masculine ideologies.

    “These were assessed by the Conformity to Masculine Norms Inventory (CMNI-22), which is an abbreviated version of the original 94-item CMNI that was designed to measure cognitive, behavioural and affective conformity to dominant masculine ideologies [20].”

    From Masculinity and suicidal thinking (2017) · cites this paper as [20]

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

3 of the 85 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Mahalik, J. R., Locke, B. D., Ludlow, L. H., Diemer, M. A., Scott, R. P. J., Gottfried, M., & Freitas, G.
Affiliations
  • Boston College (US)
  • University of Georgia (US)
  • Valparaiso University (US)
  • University of Maryland, College Park (US)
ORCID
Venue
Psychology of Men & Masculinity
Publisher
American Psychological Association (APA)
Published
2003-01
Volume
4
Issue
1
Pages
3-25
ISSN
  • 1524-9220 (ISSN-L)
  • 1939-151X
DOI
10.1037/1524-9220.4.1.3
OpenAlex
W1964528140
Cited by
1,295
References
85
Citations by year
2026: 72 · 2025: 80 · 2024: 69 · 2023: 82 · 2022: 90 · 2021: 73 · 2020: 59 · 2019: 71 · 2018: 70 · 2017: 59 · 2016: 72 · 2015: 71 · 2014: 67 · 2013: 70 · 2012: 56
FWCI
40.20
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
Psychology of Men & Masculinity (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Roles and Identity Studies
  • Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender and Feminist Studies
  • Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Keywords
masculinity, masculine norms, psychometric properties, factor structure, winning, emotional control, risk-taking, violence, dominance, Playboy, self-reliance, psychological distress, aggression, social dominance, help-seeking attitudes, test-retest reliability, gender differences

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review