The DOI matches its Crossref record; 47 of the 47 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Bias Awareness Predicts Color Conscious Racial Socialization Methods among White Parents
Open accessPublished version of a preprint
Abstract
The majority of White parents in the United States are uncomfortable discussing race with their children and tend to avoid it. When they do discuss race with their children, they often take a color blind approach—in which they emphasize a belief that race does not matter—instead of a color conscious approach—in which they acknowledge race‐related issues. In the current study, we sought to explore the individual difference factors that may be associated with White American parents’ racial socialization practices. Results indicated that parents’ racial bias awareness was associated with greater willingness to discuss race with their children, increased color consciousness, and decreased color blindness; when statistically controlling for their racial attitudes, motivations to respond without prejudice, and interracial contact. The potential impacts of bias awareness interventions on White parents’ racial socialization behaviors are discussed.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“and shapes how white parents talk, or do not talk, to their children about race (Hagerman, 2018; Perry et al., 2019; Sullivan et al., 2021).”
From Studying Ethnic-Racial Identity among White Youth: White Supremacy as a Developmental Context (2022) · cites this paper as Perry et al., 2019
Citations
Cites
A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory.
Pettigrew, T. F., & Tropp, L. R. (2006) · Journal of personality and social psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.90.5.751 · Cited by 9,708
Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: the implicit association test
Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. L. K. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1464 · Cited by 9,210
Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: III. Meta-analysis of predictive validity.
Greenwald, A. G., Poehlman, T. A., Uhlmann, E. L., & Banaji, M. R. (2009) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0015575 · Cited by 3,257
Hughes, D., Rodriguez, J., Smith, E. P., Johnson, D. J., Stevenson, H. C., & Spicer, P. (2006) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.42.5.747 · Cited by 2,420
Internal and external motivation to respond without prejudice.
Plant, E. A., & Devine, P. G. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.75.3.811 · Cited by 1,689
Implicit and explicit prejudice and interracial interaction.
Dovidio, J. F., Kawakami, K., & Gaertner, S. L. (2002) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.82.1.62 · Cited by 1,567
Implicit and explicit prejudice and interracial interaction.
Dovidio, J. F., Kawakami, K., & Gaertner, S. L. (2002) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.82.1.62 · Cited by 1,567
An integrative theory of intergroup contact
Brown, R. J., & Hewstone, M. (2005) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(05)37005-5 · Cited by 1,512
Stephan, W. G., & Stephan, C. W. (1985) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1985.tb01134.x · Cited by 1,448
Child Psychology: A Handbook of Contemporary Issues
Daley, D. (2005) · Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1111/j.1475-3588.2005.00125_4.x · Cited by 1,052
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Katz P. A., 1997, Predictors of children's intergroup attitudes
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–110 of 110
Parenting for Racial Equity: Preliminary Findings from a White Racial Socialization Intervention
Blair, S. C., & Huguley, J. P. (2026) · Journal of the Society for Social Work and Research · doi:10.1086/741054
Cordova-Lopez, V., Scott, K. E., Ross, J. J., & Rogers, L. O. (2026) · Applied Developmental Science · doi:10.1080/10888691.2026.2647801
Parental Racial–Ethnic Socialization in the Early Years: A Scoping Review
Durazi, A., & Mistry, R. S. (2026) · Journal of Family Theory & Review · doi:10.1111/jftr.70051
A Conversation Guide to Support Color-Conscious Racial Socialization among White Parent-Child DyadsPreprint
Perry, S., Abaied, J. L., Skinner, A. L., Wu, D. J., Waters, S. F., George, M., & Hoard, L. (2026) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/3w59e_v2
Self-citationRassismusbezogene und kulturelle Sozialisation durch Eltern der Mehrheitsgesellschaft
Kaiser, M. J., & Jugert, P. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-54061-5_39-1
Promoting ColorBRAVE Conversations in Families
Chae, D. H., Lewis, A., Cunningham, M., Reed, E., Rogers, L. O., Skeer, M. R., Martz, C., & Liu, C. H. (2026) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009351478.023
Children Need Structural Explanations for Social Inequalities, and Educators Who Can Provide Them
Peretz‐Lange, R. (2026) · Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1177/23727322261470333
LGBTQ Ally Identities and Actions Within a Collegiate Athletics Context
McGeorge, C. R., Walsdorf, A. A., & Toomey, R. B. (2026) · Journal of Homosexuality · doi:10.1080/00918369.2026.2721336
Metadata
- Authors
- Perry, S. P., Skinner, A. L., & Abaied, J. L.
- Affiliations
- Northwestern University (US)
- University of Vermont (US)
- Corresponding author
- Perry, Sylvia P.
- Venue
- Journal of Social Issues
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2019-08-25
- Volume
- 75
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1035-1056
- ISSN
- 0022-4537 (ISSN-L)
- 1540-4560
- OpenAlex
- W2970790366
- Cited by
- 110
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 4
- FWCI
- 21.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Licence
- public-domain
- onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
- Locations
- Journal of Social Issues (publishedVersion)
- PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion, public-domain)
- PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Critical Race Theory in Education
- Keywords
- racial socialization, white parents, color consciousness, color vision deficiency, interracial contact, racial attitudes, prejudice reduction interventions, individual differences
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
