CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 179Microbial infections and disease researchAnimal Virus Infections StudiesAnimal health and immunology

Structured Literature Review of Responses of Cattle to Viral and Bacterial Pathogens Causing Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex

Open access
Grissett, G.P., White, B.J., Larson, R.L.·2015·Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine
DOI 10.1111/jvim.12597PMC PMC4895424
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is an economically important disease of cattle and continues to be an intensely studied topic. However, literature summarizing the time between pathogen exposure and clinical signs, shedding, and seroconversion is minimal. A structured literature review of the published literature was performed to determine cattle responses (time from pathogen exposure to clinical signs, shedding, and seroconversion) in challenge models using common BRD viral and bacterial pathogens. After review a descriptive analysis of published studies using common BRD pathogen challenge studies was performed. Inclusion criteria were single pathogen challenge studies with no treatment or vaccination evaluating outcomes of interest: clinical signs, shedding, and seroconversion. Pathogens of interest included: bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1), parainfluenza-3 virus, bovine respiratory syncytial virus, Mannheimia haemolytica, Mycoplasma bovis, Pastuerella multocida, and Histophilus somni. Thirty-five studies and 64 trials were included for analysis. The median days to the resolution of clinical signs after BVDV challenge was 15 and shedding was not detected on day 12 postchallenge. Resolution of BHV-1 shedding resolved on day 12 and clinical signs on day 12 postchallenge. Bovine respiratory syncytial virus ceased shedding on day 9 and median time to resolution of clinical signs was on day 12 postchallenge. M. haemolytica resolved clinical signs 8 days postchallenge. This literature review and descriptive analysis can serve as a resource to assist in designing challenge model studies and potentially aid in estimation of duration of clinical disease and shedding after natural pathogen exposure.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1111/jvim.12597

Cites

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Despite ongoing infection, fever often resolves rapidly post-tracheal M. haemolytica challenge.

    “Despite ongoing infection, fever often resolves rapidly post-tracheal M. haemolytica challenge.”

    From Strategies for Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) Diagnosis and Prognosis: A Comprehensive Overview (2024) · cites this paper as [69]

    The Results (Mannheimia haemolytica; page unavailable) report that rectal temperature returned below 40°C at a median of day 2 after challenge, while clinical signs resolved on day 8. They do not establish that infection itself persisted after fever resolved. The same section says only one of five trials administered the challenge intratracheally; four used endoscopic administration. (LLM, conf=0.85)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Detecting fever in sick calves can be challenging due to fluctuations in body temperature.

    “Detecting fever in sick calves can be challenging due to fluctuations in body temperature [69,70].”

    From Strategies for Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) Diagnosis and Prognosis: A Comprehensive Overview (2024) · cites this paper as [69]

    The Discussion (page unavailable) reports that pyrexia generally resolves before other clinical signs, so a sick calf may no longer have a high rectal temperature. It does not say that body temperature fluctuates or that such fluctuations make fever difficult to detect; searches for those points found no supporting passage. (LLM, conf=0.76)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • The duration of fever may vary under different conditions and challenges.

    “However, the duration of fever may vary under different conditions and challenges.”

    From Strategies for Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) Diagnosis and Prognosis: A Comprehensive Overview (2024) · cites this paper as [69]

  • Fever is a prevalent but non-specific indicator of infectious bronchopneumonia that arises after initial respiratory pathogen challenge.

    “Fever is a prevalent but non-specific indicator of infectious bronchopneumonia that arises after the initial respiratory pathogen challenge [69].”

    From Strategies for Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) Diagnosis and Prognosis: A Comprehensive Overview (2024) · cites this paper as [69]

  • Non-specific symptoms such as fever, depression, and anorexia are believed to result from cytokine production and activation by pathogens.

    “Non-specific symptoms, such as fever, depression, and anorexia, are believed to result from cytokine production and activation by pathogens [69].”

    From Strategies for Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) Diagnosis and Prognosis: A Comprehensive Overview (2024) · cites this paper as [69]

    The Results and Discussion report fever and other clinical signs after pathogen challenge, but do not explain them through cytokine production or activation. Searches for cytokines, depression, anorexia, and inflammatory mediators found no passage addressing that proposed mechanism. The indexed passages provide section labels but no page numbers. (LLM, conf=0.74)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

No references could be resolved yet.

Research works printed but not linked: 44

  1. [2]Broderson B, Kelling CL. Effect of concurrent experimentally induced bovine respiratory syncytial virus and bovine viral diarrhea virus infection on respiratory tract and enteric disease in calves. Am J Vet Res 1998; 59: 1423– 1430. 9829401
  2. [3]Salt JS, Thevasagayam SJ, Wiseman A, et al. Efficacy of a quadrivalent vaccine against respiratory diseases caused by BHV‐1, PI3V, BVDV and BRSV in experimentally infected calves. Vet J 2007; 174: 616– 626. 17276108
  3. [4]Van der Poel W, Schrijver R, Middel W, et al. Experimental reproduction of respiratory disease in calves with non‐cell‐culture passaged bovine respiratory syncytial virus. Vet Quart 1996; 18: 81– 86. 8903138
  4. [5]Smith RA, Stokka GL, Radostits OM, Griffin DD. Health and production management in beef feedlots In: Radostits O, ed. Herd Health: Food Animal Production Medicine, 3rd ed Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company; 2001: 581– 633.
  5. [6]Woolums AR. The bronchopneumonias (respiratory disease complex of cattle, sheep, and goats) In: Smith BL, ed. Large Animal Internal Medicine, 5th ed St. Louis, MO: Mosby Elsevier; 2015: 584– 603.
  6. [7]Gilliam SE, Thackray AM, Brown GA, et al. The pathogenesis of wild type and drug resistant mutant strains of bovine herpesvirus‐1 (BHV‐1) in the natural host. Arch Virol 1993; 128: 43– 54. 8380324
  7. [8]Martin SW, Bateman KG, Shewen PE, et al. The frequency, distribution and effects of antibodies, to seven putative respiratory pathogens, on respiratory disease and weight gain in feedlot calves in Ontario. Can J Vet Res 1989; 53: 355– 362. 2766158 PMC1255725
  8. [9]Meyer G, Lemaire M, Ros C, et al. Comparative pathogenesis of acute and latent infections of calves with bovine herpesvirus types 1 and 5. Arch Virol 2001; 146: 633– 652. 11402854
  9. [10]Purdy CW, Raleigh RH, Collins JK, et al. Serotyping and enzyme characterization of Pasteurella haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida isolates recovered from pneumonic lungs of stressed feeder calves. Curr Microbiol 1997; 34: 244– 249. 9058546
  10. [11]Nicholas RA, Ayling RD. Mycoplasma bovis: Disease, diagnosis, and control. Res Vet Sci 2003; 4: 105– 112. 12589733
  11. [12]Dudek K, Bednarek D, Ayling R, et al. Immunomodulatory effect of Mycoplasma bovis in experimentally infected calves. Bull Vet Inst Pulawy 2013; 57: 499– 506.
  12. [13]Houghton SB, Gourlay RN. Synergism between Mycoplasma bovis and Pasteurella haemolytica in calf pneumonia. Vet Rec 1983; 113: 41– 42. 6612963
  13. [14]Xue W, Ellis J, Mattick D, et al. Immunogenicity of a modified‐live virus vaccine against bovine viral diarrhea virus types 1 and 2, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus, bovine parainfluenza‐3 virus, and bovine respiratory syncytial virus when administered intranasally in young calves. Vaccine 2010; 28: 3784– 3792. 20381643
  14. [15]Xue W, Mattick D, Smith L, et al. Vaccination with a modified‐live bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) type 1a vaccine completely protected calves against challenge with BVDV type 1b strains. Vaccine 2011; 29: 70– 76. 21034829
  15. [16]Kelling CL, Hunsaker BD, Steffen DJ, et al. Characterization of protection against systemic infection and disease from experimental bovine viral diarrhea virus type 2 infection by use of a modified‐live noncytopathic type 1 vaccine in calves. Am J Vet Res 2007; 68: 788– 796. 17605616
  16. [17]Peters AR, Thevasagayam SJ, Wiseman A, et al. Duration of immunity of a quadrivalent vaccine against respiratory diseases caused by BHV‐1, PI3V, BVDV, and BRSV in experimentally infected calves. Prev Vet Med 2004; 66: 63– 77. 15579335
  17. [18]Galav V, Mishra N, Dubey R, et al. Pathogenicity of an Indian isolate of bovine viral diarrhea virus 1b in experimentally infected calves. Res Vet Sci 2007; 83: 364– 368. 17383693
  18. [19]Ganheim C, Hulten C, Carlsson U, et al. The acute phase response in calves experimentally infected with bovine viral diarrhoea virus and/or Mannheimia haemolytica. J Vet Med B Infect Dis Vet Public Health 2003; 50: 183– 190. 12916692
  19. [20]Castrucci G, Frigeri F, Osburn BI, et al. Further investigations on the efficacy of a non‐specific defence inducer evaluated in calves exposed to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 1998; 21: 155– 163. 9611684
  20. [21]Castrucci G, Ferrari M, Osburn BI, et al. The use of a non‐specific defence mechanism inducer in calves exposed to bovine herpesvirus‐1 infection: Preliminary trials. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 1995; 18: 85– 91. 7621672
  21. [22]Castrucci G, Ferrari M, Osburn BI, et al. A non‐specific defence inducer in preventing clinical signs of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis in calves. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 1996; 19: 163– 169. 8800541
  22. [23]Otto P, Elschner M, Reinhold P, et al. A model for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection based on experimental aerosol exposure with bovine RSV in calves. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 1996; 19: 85– 97. 8814979 PMC7133857
  23. [24]Elvander M, Baule C, Persson M, et al. An experimental study of a concurrent primary infection with bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) and bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) in calves. Acta Vet Scand 1998; 39: 251– 264. 9787488 PMC8050681
  24. [25]Gershwin LJ, Gunther RA, Anderson ML, et al. Bovine respiratory syncytial virus‐specific IgE is associated with interleukin‐2 and ‐4, and interferon‐gamma expression in pulmonary lymph of experimentally infected calves. Am J Vet Res 2000; 61: 291– 298. 10714521
  25. [26]LeBlanc PH, Baker JC, Gray PR, et al. Effects of bovine respiratory syncytial virus on airway function in neonatal calves. Am J Vet Res 1991; 52: 1401– 1406. 1952323
  26. [27]Ellis J, West K, Konoby C, et al. Efficacy of an inactivated respiratory syncytial virus vaccine in calves. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2001; 218: 1973– 1980. 11417745
  27. [28]Vangeel I, Antonis A, Fluess M, et al. Efficacy of a modified live intranasal bovine respiratory syncytical virus vaccine in a 3‐week old calves experimentally challenged with BRSV. Vet J 2007; 174: 627– 635. 17169592
  28. [29]Woolums AR, Anderson ML, Gunther RA, et al. Evaluation of severe disease induced by aerosol inoculation of calves with bovine respiratory syncytial virus. Am J Vet Res 1999; 60: 473– 480. 10211692
  29. [30]West K, Petrie L, Konoby C, et al. The efficacy of modified‐live bovine respiratory syncytial virus vaccines in experimentally infected calves. Vaccine 2000; 18: 907– 919. 10580205
  30. [31]Ellis J, Gow S, West K, et al. Response of calves to challenge exposure with virulent bovine respiratory syncytial virus following intranasal administration of vaccines formulated for parenteral administration. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2007; 230: 233– 243. 17223757
  31. [32]Mawhinney IC, Burrows MR. Protection against bovine respiratory syncytial virus challenge following a single dose of vaccine in young calves with maternal antibody. Vet Rec 2005; 156: 139– 143. 15715005
  32. [33]Ciszewski DK, Baker JC, Slocombe RF, et al. Experimental reproduction of respiratory tract disease with bovine respiratory syncytial virus. Vet Microbiol 1991; 28: 39– 60. 1887565
  33. [34]Amrine DE, White BJ, Larson RL, et al. Pulmonary lesions and clinical disease response to Mannheimia haemolytica challenge 10 days following administration of tildipirosin or tulathromycin. J Anim Sci 2014; 92: 311– 319. 24243906
  34. [35]Fajt VR, Apley MD, Roth JA, et al. The effects of danofloxacin and tilmicosin on neutrophil function and lung consolidation in beef heifer calves with induced Pasteurella (Mannheimia) haemolytica pneumonia. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2003; 26: 173– 179. 12755900
  35. [36]Olchowy TW, TerHune TN, Herrick RL. Efficacy of difloxacin in calves experimentally infected with Mannheimia haemolytica. Am J Vet Res 2000; 61: 710– 713. 10850850
  36. [37]Theurer ME, Anderson DE, White BJ, et al. Effect of Mannheimia haemolytica pneumonia on behavior and physiologic responses of calves during high ambient environmental temperatures. J Anim Sci 2013; 91: 3917– 3929. 23658357
  37. [38]Hewson J, Viel L, Caswell JL, et al. Impact of isoflupredone acetate treatment on clinical signs and weight gain in weanling heifers with experimentally induced Mannheimia haemolytica bronchopneumonia. Am J Vet Res 2011; 72: 1613– 1621. 22126689
  38. [39]White BJ, Anderson DE, Renter DG, et al. Clinical, behavioral, and pulmonary changes in calves following inoculation with Mycoplasma bovis. Am J Vet Res 2012; 73: 490– 497. 22452495
  39. [40]Howard CJ, Gourlay RN. Immune response of calves following the inoculation of Mycoplasma dispar and Mycoplasma bovis. Vet Microbiol 1983; 8: 45– 56. 6845635
  40. [41]Godinho KS, Wolf RM, Sherington J, et al. Efficacy of tulathromycin in the treatment and prevention of natural outbreaks of bovine respiratory disease in European cattle. Vet Ther 2005; 6: 122– 135. 16094560
  41. [42]Dowling A, Hodgson JC, Schock A, et al. Experimental induction of pneumonic pasteurellosis in calves by intratracheal infection with Pasteurella multocida biotype A:3. Res Vet Sci 2002; 73: 37– 44. 12208105
  42. [43]Straub O. Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus In: Dinter Z, Morein B, eds. Virus Infections of Ruminants. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1990: 71– 108.
  43. [44]Sacco RE, McGill JL, Pillatzki AE, et al. Respiratory syncytial virus infection in cattle. Vet Pathol 2014; 51: 427– 436. 24009269
  44. [45]Nagatomo H, Shimizu T, Higashiyama Y, et al. Antibody response to Mycoplasma bovis of calves introduced to a farm contaminated with the organism. J Vet Med Sci 1996; 58: 919– 920. 8898294

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Grissett, G. P., White, B. J., & Larson, R. L.
Affiliations
Kansas State University (US)
Corresponding author
White, B.J.
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine
Publisher
Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published
2015-05-01
Volume
29
Issue
3
Pages
770-780
ISSN
  • 0891-6640 (ISSN-L)
  • 1939-1676
DOI
10.1111/jvim.12597
PMC
PMC4895424
OpenAlex
W2030541996
Cited by
179
References
0
Citations by year
2026: 19 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 2
FWCI
1.02
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Microbiology › Microbial infections and disease research
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Virus Infections Studies
  • Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Animal health and immunology
Keywords
bovine respiratory disease, cattle, clinical signs, viral shedding, seroconversion, bovine viral diarrhea virus, bovine herpesvirus 1, parainfluenza virus type 3, bovine respiratory syncytial virus, Mannheimia haemolytica, Mycoplasma bovis, Pasteurella multocida, Histophilus somni, disease duration
MeSH terms
Animals, Diarrhea Viruses, Bovine Viral, Cattle, Herpesvirus 1, Bovine, Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Bovine, Parainfluenza Virus 3, Bovine, Mycoplasma bovis, Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review